{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:54:23Z","timestamp":1787072063193,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Dietary total fat and cholesterol intake have been suggested as potential modifiable risk factors, but the evidence remains inconsistent. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the association between dietary total fat and cholesterol intake and PC risk. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from database inception to May 2026. Cohort and case\u2013control studies reporting relative risks (RRs), odds ratios (ORs), or hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between dietary total fat or cholesterol intake and PC risk were included. Pooled effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Results: Twenty-five studies (17 case\u2013control and 8 cohort studies) were included, most of which were of high quality. Cohort studies showed no association of dietary cholesterol (ES: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.87\u20131.20) or total fat intake (ES: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.84\u20131.20) with PC risk. In case\u2013control studies, high cholesterol intake was associated with increased PC risk (ES: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.32\u20132.01), whereas total fat intake was not (ES: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.85\u20131.65). In cohort studies, dose\u2013response analyses showed no significant associations between cholesterol or total fat intake and PC. In case\u2013control studies, each 100 mg\/day increase in cholesterol intake was associated with a 13% higher risk of PC, whereas no significant dose\u2013response association was observed for total fat intake. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses supported these findings, and no publication bias was detected. Conclusions: Dietary cholesterol and total fat intake were not associated with PC risk in cohort studies, whereas case\u2013control studies suggested a positive association between cholesterol intake and PC risk. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18162674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"2674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Dietary Total Fat and Cholesterol Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort and Case-Control Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Syed O.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1017-266X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Musab","family":"Umair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0110-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman Salman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6293-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Kutbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biorepository, Biomedical Research Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh A. K.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Institutional Excellence, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba M.","family":"Adly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Healthcare, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abu-Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e530","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000002489","article-title":"Factors Driving Pancreatic Cancer Survival Rates","volume":"54","author":"Rahib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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