{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:26:14Z","timestamp":1787851574582,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The development of functional staple foods with improved metabolic properties represents a practical dietary strategy for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the effects of incorporating sprouted fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) into wheat-based flatbread (chapatti) on postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adults. Methodology: Wheat (cv. Galaxy 2013) and fenugreek seeds were germinated for up to 96 h and analyzed for nutritional composition and antioxidant activity. Composite flours containing 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% sprouted fenugreek were formulated and evaluated for sensory acceptability. Eighteen healthy participants (18\u201325 years; BMI 21\u201322.5 kg\/m2) consumed chapattis containing 7.5% sprouted fenugreek or white flour as a control in a randomized crossover design. Blood glucose and serum insulin were measured at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min postprandially. Results: Sprouting significantly increased protein, dietary fiber, and antioxidant capacity in both wheat and fenugreek (p &lt; 0.001). Total phenolic content in wheat increased from 55.82 to 110.17 mg GAE\/100 g after 96 h of germination, accompanied by a significant rise in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The formulation containing 7.5% sprouted fenugreek showed the highest sensory acceptability (7.52\/9). Fenugreek-supplemented chapattis significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses (p &lt; 0.05) compared with control. Conclusion: Incorporation of 7.5% sprouted fenugreek into wheat flatbread improves nutritional quality while attenuating glycemic and insulinemic responses, suggesting a practical dietary strategy for metabolic health and diabetes prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"2811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sprouted Fenugreek-Enriched Wheat Flatbread Attenuates Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9713-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaira","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Mujtaba","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6545-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0387-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Liccardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Stiuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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