{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:33Z","timestamp":1787944653869,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101095643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101095643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101095643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101095643"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10068239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10068239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10062205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10062205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["10068239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10068239"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["10062205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10062205"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001aqnf71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for foetal development, cognitive function, and metabolic regulation; however, suboptimal iodine status remains a public health concern in Europe and other regions. Improving food literacy related to iodine may support healthier dietary choices during adolescence, a critical life stage for establishing long-term habits. This intervention development study describes the development of The ABC of Iodine Teaching Programme within the EUthyroid2 project, designed to enhance iodine-related knowledge and awareness among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years across six regions (UK, Republic of Cyprus, Slovenia, Germany, Bangladesh, and Pakistan). Methods: The intervention was developed according to the Behaviour Change Wheel, targeting capability, opportunity, and motivation, and informed by guidance for complex interventions. The programme was comprised of three flexible, culturally adapted modules integrating lectures on iodine physiology, deficiency risks, WHO recommendations, and locally relevant dietary sources. Active learning strategies, including collaborative tasks and personalised feedback through an Iodine Feedback Tool, were included. Materials were translated and adapted to local contexts and implemented in a hybrid format combining printed booklets with QR-linked digital resources. Results: The primary outcome of the intervention development process was The ABC of Iodine Teaching Programme, a multi-component, scalable educational intervention aligned with principles of food literacy, active learning and behaviour change theory. It incorporated behaviour change techniques and context-specific adaptations to facilitate engagement and knowledge acquisition in school settings. The programme is currently under evaluation in participating regions. Conclusions: This study presents the systematic development of a complex teaching programme. By combining behaviour change theory with innovative and context-sensitive educational strategies, The ABC of Iodine Teaching Programme provides a flexible and scalable framework for improving iodine-related food literacy among adolescents. Its effectiveness will be determined through the ongoing evaluation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Designing a School-Based, Complex Public Health Intervention to Improve Iodine Awareness in Adolescents in Six Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bodil Just","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Cecon-Stabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, DE-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Synn\u00f8ve N\u00e6ss","family":"Sleire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), NO-5005 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisbeth","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), NO-5005 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4651-0302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Signe Svarrer","family":"Skovgaard-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Henck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, DE-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5751-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phil","family":"Pendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, DE-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Nasir Khan","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, DE-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Peschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, DE-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"V\u00f6lzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, DE-17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mithila","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka Dh-1207, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehman Mehmood","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar PK-25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar PK-25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0727-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Altaf","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar PK-25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Soursou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLOTHO Precision Exposomics and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, CY-3041 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos C.","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLOTHO Precision Exposomics and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, CY-3041 Limassol, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, CY-3041 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gaber\u0161\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8823-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Zaletel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5691-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayne V.","family":"Woodside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thyroid Federation International, Transpolispark, Siriusdreef 17-27, NL-2132 WT Hoofddorp, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thyroid Federation International, Transpolispark, Siriusdreef 17-27, NL-2132 WT Hoofddorp, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iodine Global Network, P.O. Box 51030, 375 des Epinettes, Ottawa, ON K1E 3E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqa","family":"Jama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iodine Global Network, P.O. Box 51030, 375 des Epinettes, Ottawa, ON K1E 3E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freia","family":"De Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, DE-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gitte","family":"Ravn-Haren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70225-6","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders","volume":"3","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac032","article-title":"A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe\u2014Comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources","volume":"80","author":"Bath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. 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