{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:36Z","timestamp":1787944656574,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease in which long-term maintenance of remission remains a major therapeutic challenge. Increasing evidence indicates that disruption of host\u2013microbiome metabolic interactions, impaired production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), defective epithelial energy metabolism, and intestinal barrier dysfunction contribute to disease relapse. These observations have generated interest in adjunctive metabolic strategies aimed at restoring luminal homeostasis rather than directly suppressing inflammation. Objective: This narrative review examines the biological rationale for combining pectin, a fermentable dietary fiber that promotes endogenous SCFA production, with kaolin, naturally occurring adsorbent clay, as adjunctive metabolic therapy for maintaining remission in UC. We summarize current mechanistic, experimental, and clinical evidence and discuss future translational research priorities. Evidence: Experimental studies demonstrate that pectin fermentation enhances the production of butyrate and other SCFAs, thereby improving epithelial energy metabolism, strengthening intestinal barrier integrity, and modulating mucosal immune responses. Kaolin possesses adsorptive and barrier-protective properties that may reduce luminal exposure to potentially harmful microbial products while improving stool consistency. Although direct clinical evidence supporting the combined use of pectin and kaolin in UC is currently lacking, indirect evidence derived from microbiome research, SCFA biology, dietary intervention studies, and experimental models provides a biologically plausible foundation for further investigation. Perspective: We propose that restoration of luminal metabolic homeostasis through complementary modulation of microbial fermentation and luminal environmental stabilization may represent a novel adjunctive approach for reducing relapse risk in selected patients with UC receiving conventional maintenance therapy. A conceptual framework for future randomized clinical trials incorporating clinical, endoscopic, microbiome, metabolomic, and biomarker outcomes is presented. Conclusions: Current evidence supports the biological plausibility of SCFA-directed metabolic interventions in UC but remains insufficient to justify routine clinical application of pectin\u2013kaolin therapy. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to determine efficacy, safety, optimal patient selection, and mechanisms of action. By integrating advances in microbiome science, intestinal metabolism, and mucosal immunology, this review provides a translational framework for the development of inexpensive, microbiome-oriented adjunctive therapies for maintenance of remission in UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pectin and Kaolin as Adjunctive Metabolic Therapy for Maintaining Remission in Ulcerative Colitis: Biological Rationale, Current Evidence and Future Clinical Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9115-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K.","family":"Triantafillidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Society for Gastrointestinal Oncology, 354 Iera Odos Str., 12461 Haidari, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Panayiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Hub, Mediterranean Hospital of Cyprus, 9 Stygos Str., Limassol 3117, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos E.","family":"Papalois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hellenic Society for Gastrointestinal Oncology, 354 Iera Odos Str., 12461 Haidari, Greece"},{"name":"Academic Hub, Mediterranean Hospital of Cyprus, 9 Stygos Str., Limassol 3117, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S11290","article-title":"Current and emerging drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Triantafillidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.09.002","article-title":"Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 2: Current management","volume":"6","author":"Dignass","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crohns. Colitis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, F., Chen, K., Chen, S., and Jiang, Y. (2025). Gut microbiota and intestinal immunity interaction in ulcerative colitis and its application in treatment. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1565082"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304833","article-title":"A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Machiels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ying, Z., Tian, M., Huang, X., Ping, G., and Jiang, C. (2026). Short-chain fatty acids in ulcerative colitis: Integrating metabolic fate, dynamic biomarkers, and precision delivery. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1786259"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, P.T., Rosas, S.L.B., Ribeiro, B.E., Marinho, Y., and de Souza, H.S.P. (2022). Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073464"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","article-title":"Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae115","article-title":"Prebiotics for Induction and Maintenance of Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Limketkai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.2.247","article-title":"Experimental colitis is ameliorated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity","volume":"37","author":"Rachmilewitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00672-3","article-title":"Gut commensals-derived succinate impels colonic inflammation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Dalal","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.1.51","article-title":"Adsorbents as antiendotoxin agents in experimental colitis","volume":"34","author":"Gardiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"99","article-title":"Pectin and methyl cellulose do not affect intestinal function in patients after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis","volume":"92","author":"Thirlby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.M., Zhao, H.L., Guo, G.J., Xu, J., Zhou, Y.-L., Huang, H.-L., and Nie, Y.-Q. (2022). Characterization of short-chain fatty acids in patients with ulcerative colitis: A meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02191-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.06.004","article-title":"Lactate and short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation downregulate proinflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells and myeloid cells","volume":"220","author":"Iraporda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deleu, S., Arnauts, K., Deprez, L., Machiels, K., Ferrante, M., Huys, G.R.B., Thevelein, J.M., Raes, J., and Vermeire, S. (2023). High Acetate Concentration Protects Intestinal Barrier and Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayer Cultures from Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010768"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO03068A","article-title":"Preventive effects of pectin with various degrees of esterification on ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Gong, J., Zhu, W., Tian, H., Ding, C., Gu, L., Li, N., and Li, J. (2016). Pectin enhances the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation in ulcerative colitis by delaying the loss of diversity of gut flora. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0869-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80765-7","article-title":"The effect of a kaolin-pectin adsorbent on stool losses of sodium, potassium, and fat during a lactose-intolerance diarrhea in rats","volume":"96","author":"McClung","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"75","article-title":"A comparative trial of liquid lomotil and mist kaolin in childhood diarrhoea","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: Linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korsten, S.G.P.J., Vromans, H., Garssen, J., and Willemsen, L.E.M. (2023). Butyrate protects barrier integrity and suppresses immune activation in a Caco-2\/PBMC co-culture model while HDAC inhibition mimics butyrate in restoring cytokine-induced barrier disruption. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122760"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0021024","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00210-24","article-title":"Narrative review on bacteria-derived metabolites in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis","volume":"38","author":"Tambovtseva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.001","article-title":"Specific bacteria and metabolites associated with response to fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"156","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450207","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2450207","article-title":"Host-microbe multi-omics and succinotype profiling have prognostic value for future relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115864","article-title":"Altered metabolome and microbiome features provide clues in predicting recurrence of ulcerative colitis","volume":"239","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitae, H., Takagi, T., Naito, Y., Inoue, R., Azuma, Y., Torii, T., Mizushima, K., Doi, T., Inoue, K., and Dohi, O. (2022). Gut Microbiota Associated with Clinical Relapse in Patients with Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051044"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01219-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100707","article-title":"Donor composition and fiber promote strain engraftment in a randomized controlled trial of fecal microbiota transplant for ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Gogokhia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00917-x","article-title":"Impact of gut Microbiome alteration in Ulcerative Colitis patients on disease severity and outcome","volume":"23","author":"Basha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03288.x","article-title":"Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin","volume":"25","author":"Casellas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recharla, N., Geesala, R., and Shi, X.Z. (2023). Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0501.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parada Venegas, D., De la Fuente, M.K., Landskron, G., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.J., Quera, R., Dijkstra, G., Harmsen, H.J.M., Faber, K.N., and Hermoso, M.A. (2019). Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01486"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2018.tb00009.x","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Sivaprakasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad187","article-title":"Revisiting the Role of Valeric Acid in Manipulating Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e14918","article-title":"Reduced fecal short-chain fatty acids in hispanic children with ulcerative colitis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210778","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived butyrate regulates gut mucus barrier repair by activating the macrophage\/WNT\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"136","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2020.02.008","article-title":"Gut-Liver Physiomimetics Reveal Paradoxical Modulation of IBD-Related Inflammation by Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"10","author":"Trapecar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"CD015084","article-title":"Prebiotics for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Sinopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, G., Chen, M., Chen, L., Xu, F., Xiao, Z., Yi, A., Tian, Y., Ping, Y., Lv, L., and Cheng, Y. (2022). Roseburia intestinalis and Its Metabolite Butyrate Inhibit Colitis and Upregulate TLR5 through the SP3 Signaling Pathway. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153041"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottria, R., Mirmajidi, S., and Ciuffreda, P. (2026). Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanistic Insights into Gut Inflammation, Barrier Function, and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27021095"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes-Frias, A., Moreira, M., Vieira, M.C., Gaifem, J., Costa, P., Lopes, L., and Silvestre, R. (2024). Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis as prognostic markers for relapse in ulcerative colitis patients. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1367998"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7553","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00531G","article-title":"Resistant starch and tannic acid synergistically ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis, particularly in the distal colon","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04277D","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation and effects of a diet enriched in apple pomace on inflammation in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Sabater","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07965","article-title":"Hawthorn pectin alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by ameliorating intestinal barrier function and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.d01-509.x","article-title":"Treatment of left-sided ulcerative colitis with butyrate enemas: A controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Steinhart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91094-K","article-title":"Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"103","author":"Scheppach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000512952","article-title":"The Effect of Sodium Butyrate Enemas Compared with Placebo on Disease Activity, Endoscopic Scores, and Histological and Inflammatory Parameters in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"28","author":"Jamka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.04.002","article-title":"Effect of butyrate enemas on inflammation and antioxidant status in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis in remission","volume":"29","author":"Hamer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"121","article-title":"The role and therapeutic effectiveness of Plantago ovata seed husk (psyllium husk) in the prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Part 1","volume":"19","author":"Przybyszewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac093","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of the 4 Strategies to SUlfide-REduction (4-SURE) Diet in Adults with Mild to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"152","author":"Day","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO03363A","article-title":"Diverse domains of raspberry pectin: Critical determinants for protecting against IBDs","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.2.253","article-title":"Pectin digestion in humans","volume":"37","author":"Holloway","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO04189D","article-title":"Structural characterization, acute toxicity assessment and protective effects of selenylated apple pectin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07611","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Water-Soluble Pectin from the Fruit of Diospyros lotus L. and Its Protective Effects against DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11926-x","article-title":"Impact of pectin with various esterification degrees on the profiles of gut microbiota and serum metabolites","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9999","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01448C","article-title":"Preventive effect of pectic oligosaccharides on acute colitis model mice: Modulating epithelial barrier, gut microbiota and Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137016","article-title":"Pectin from comfrey roots alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice through modulating the intestinal barrier","volume":"282","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118864","article-title":"Pectic polysaccharide from Smilax china L. ameliorated ulcerative colitis by inhibiting the galectin-3\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"277","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03376J","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and intestinal microbiota modulation properties of high hydrostatic pressure treated cyanidin-3-glucoside and blueberry pectin complexes on dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis mice","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2021.052","article-title":"Development and In Vivo Evaluation of Pectin Based Enteric Coated Microparticles Loaded with Mesalamine and Saccharomyces boulardii for Management of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197611042951902","article-title":"Decreased bioavailability of digoxin due to antacids and kaolin-pectin","volume":"295","author":"Brown","year":"1976","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600671120","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin-pectin and clindamycin","volume":"67","author":"Albert","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600671121","article-title":"Influence of kaolin-pectin suspension on digoxin bioavailability","volume":"67","author":"Albert","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:36:42Z","timestamp":1787942202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18172822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18172822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}