{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:14:14Z","timestamp":1788527654259,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian research agency program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Although paraprobiotics and postbiotics may beneficially affect glucose metabolism, their direct influence on intestinal glucose transporters remains poorly understood. This study investigated the in vitro effects of selected heat-killed Lactobacillaceae strains and cell-free supernatants from their viable counterparts on sodium-driven glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression and basolateral glucose accumulation. Methods: Experiments were performed using non-carcinogenic porcine-derived enterocytes (CLAB) and human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2; ATCC HTB-37). SGLT1 and GLUT2 gene and protein expression, as well as basolateral glucose concentration after a 6-h incubation, were assessed. Results: Heat-killed probiotics and cell-free probiotic supernatants generally increased SGLT1 protein expression in both cell models, except for heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus. In contrast, GLUT2 modulation differed between cell models and treatments. In CLAB cells, GLUT2 protein levels were generally reduced, particularly following exposure to cell-free probiotic supernatants, whereas responses in Caco-2 cells were less consistent. Treatment-dependent changes in basolateral glucose concentration and 6-h net basolateral glucose accumulation were also observed, with significant effects for selected heat-killed strains in CLAB cells. Conclusions: Lactobacillaceae-derived heat-killed preparations and cell-free supernatants may differentially modulate intestinal glucose transporter expression in a strain- and cell-model-dependent manner. However, changes in transporter expression and basolateral glucose accumulation do not establish a transporter-specific glucose flux or mechanism. Further mechanistic studies using complementary intestinal models are required to clarify these effects and their translational relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Regulation of Intestinal Glucose Transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 by Lactobacillaceae-Derived Heat-Killed Probiotics and Cell-Free Probiotic Supernatants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Kozmos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Ho\u010de, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Hribernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Ho\u010de, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3257-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kozmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Ho\u010de, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6053-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Langerholc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Ho\u010de, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Gorenjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2858","article-title":"GLUT, SGLT, and SWEET: Structural and mechanistic investigations of the glucose transporters","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-033904","article-title":"Transport of Sugars","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04211-w","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of the SGLT family of glucose transporters","volume":"601","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167464","article-title":"Structural Basis of the Selective Sugar Transport in Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters","volume":"434","author":"Kamitori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-010-0006-4","article-title":"Quantitative PCR tissue expression profiling of the human SGLT2 gene and related family members","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2012.00227.x","article-title":"Role of sodium-glucose transporters in glucose uptake of the intestine and kidney","volume":"3","author":"Harada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00055.2009","article-title":"Biology of Human Sodium Glucose Transporters","volume":"91","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03180578","article-title":"Expression of mRNA for glucose transport proteins in jejunum, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle of pigs","volume":"65","author":"Aschenbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"G60","article-title":"Apical Na+-D-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) activity and protein abundance are expressed along the jejunal crypt-villus axis in the neonatal pig","volume":"300","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000954","article-title":"Expression of Na+\/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) in the intestine of piglets weaned to different concentrations of dietary carbohydrate","volume":"104","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00712.2009","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the 21st Century","volume":"298","author":"Thorens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02439-5","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the small intestine in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard, C., and Vidal, H. (2019). Impact of gut microbiota on host glycemic control. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00029"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241700018X","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2015.1028361","article-title":"The role of probiotics on each component of the metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risks","volume":"19","author":"Miglioranza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2665","article-title":"Probiotics as beneficial agents in the management of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Razmpoosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pintari\u010d, M., and Langerholc, T. (2022). Probiotic Mechanisms Affecting Glucose Homeostasis: A Scoping Review. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081187"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X., Ma, C., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Bian, X., and Zhang, N. (2024). The Role and Mechanism of Probiotics Supplementation in Blood Glucose Regulation: A Review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13172719"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rooj, A.K., Kimura, Y., and Buddington, R.K. (2010). Metabolites produced by probiotic Lactobacilli rapidly increase glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-16"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001028","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001028","article-title":"Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32 and Lactobacillus reuteri GL-104 decrease glycemic levels and attenuate diabetes-mediated liver and kidney injury in db\/db mice","volume":"8","author":"Hsieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103664","article-title":"Evaluation of probiotics for improving and regulation metabolism relevant to type 2 diabetes in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.11.008","article-title":"Specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains decrease transepithelial glucose transport through GLUT2 downregulation in intestinal epithelial cell models","volume":"86","author":"Primec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103614","article-title":"Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of probiotics via directly consuming glucose in intestines of STZ-induced diabetic mice and glucose water-induced diabetic mice","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520001774","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum modified gut microbiota, bile acid profile and glucose homoeostasis in weaning piglets","volume":"124","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.20.0749","article-title":"The effect of multi-strain probiotics as feed additives on performance, immunity, expression of nutrient transporter genes and gut morphometry in broiler chickens","volume":"35","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09538-5","article-title":"Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage by Regulating Transporters, Tight Junctions, and Apoptosis Gene Expression in Cell Line IPEC-1","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02764-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei Zhang exerts anti-obesity effect to obese glut1 and gut-specific-glut1 knockout mice via gut microbiota modulation mediated different metagenomic pathways","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teame, T., Wang, A., Xie, M., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Ding, Q., Gao, C., Olsen, R.E., Ran, C., and Zhou, Z. (2020). Paraprobiotics and Postbiotics of Probiotic Lactobacilli, Their Positive Effects on the Host and Action Mechanisms: A Review. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.570344"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, S.S., Schnorr, C.E., and Pasquali, M.A.d.B. (2023). Paraprobiotics and Postbiotics\u2014Current State of Scientific Research and Future Trends toward the Development of Functional Foods. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122394"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127449","article-title":"The potential of paraprobiotics and postbiotics to modulate the immune system: A Review","volume":"275","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hijov\u00e1, E. (2024). Postbiotics as Metabolites and Their Biotherapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105441"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.420","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5983","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1895061","article-title":"The biological activities of postbiotics in gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"62","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoda, C., and Touraki, M. (2023). Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081898"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabello-Olmo, M., Ara\u00f1a, M., Urtasun, R., Encio, I.J., and Barajas, M. (2021). Role of postbiotics in diabetes mellitus: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10071590"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13444","article-title":"New clues for postbiotics to improve host health: A review from the perspective of function and mechanisms","volume":"104","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107483","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota as a therapeutic target in T2DM: A review of multi-target interactions of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics with the intestinal barrier","volume":"210","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.025","article-title":"A comprehensive review of anticancer, immunomodulatory and health beneficial effects of the lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides","volume":"217","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24103","article-title":"Effect of postbiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314 supplemented in powdered milk on type 2 diabetes in mice","volume":"107","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109691","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide","volume":"36","author":"Barra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.03.004","article-title":"Triggering the adaptive immune system with commensal gut bacteria protects against insulin resistance and dysglycemia","volume":"5","author":"Klopp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00137-4","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid from the cell wall of a heat killed Lactobacillus paracasei D3-5 ameliorates aging-related leaky gut, inflammation and improves physical and cognitive functions: From C. elegans to mice","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae025","article-title":"Postbiotic Impact on Host Metabolism and Immunity Provides Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Disease","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae291","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae291","article-title":"Effects of supplementation of live and heat-treated Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CECT 8145 on glycemic and insulinemic response, fecal microbiota, systemic biomarkers of inflammation, and white blood cell gene expression of adult dogs","volume":"102","author":"Kayser","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101404.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101404","article-title":"Gut microbiota-based vaccination engages innate immunity to improve blood glucose control in obese mice","volume":"55","author":"Duggan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15439","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15439","article-title":"Postbiotics engage IRF4 in adipocytes to promote sex-dependent changes in blood glucose during obesity","volume":"10","author":"Duggan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E579","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00033.2020","article-title":"Postbiotics for NOD2 require nonhematopoietic RIPK2 to improve blood glucose and metabolic inflammation in mice","volume":"318","author":"Cavallari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108792","article-title":"Effect of inactivated Bifidobacterium longum intake on obese diabetes model mice (TSOD)","volume":"129","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18196","article-title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila improves glucose metabolism is linked with increased hypothalamic nitric oxide release","volume":"9","author":"Abot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01147K","article-title":"A comparative study of the antidiabetic effects exerted by live and dead multi-strain probiotics in the type 2 diabetes model of mice","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-07","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of lactic acid bacteria in normal and type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"51","author":"Honda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106129","article-title":"Exploring the health-promoting potential: Dietary intervention with live or inactivated Lactobacillus gasseri HM1 probiotics in obese mice","volume":"115","author":"Shiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.07.001","article-title":"Gut substrate trap of D-lactate from microbiota improves blood glucose and fatty liver disease in obese mice","volume":"37","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105730","article-title":"Physiological bioactivity of a postbiotic consisting of heat-treated lactobacilli on mouse small intestine","volume":"108","author":"Uhlig","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103118","article-title":"The effect of microbiome-modulating therapeutics on glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Kaul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112565","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum NCHBL-004 modulates high-fat diet\u2013induced weight gain and enhances GLP-1 production for blood glucose regulation","volume":"128","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.03.008","article-title":"The effects of butyrate supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, blood pressure, nitric oxide level and glutathione peroxidase activity in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized triple -blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Khosravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beteri, B., Barone, M., Turroni, S., Brigidi, P., Tzortzis, G., Vulevic, J., Sekulic, K., Motei, D.E., and Costabile, A. (2024). Impact of Combined Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve-Derived Postbiotic on Gut Microbiota and HbA1c in Prediabetic Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142205"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.05.045","article-title":"Comparing the effects of yogurt containing Akkermansia muciniphilia postbiotic with yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus postbiotic on body composition, biochemical indices, appetite, and depression scores in overweight or obese adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"68","author":"Aalipanah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109905","article-title":"Paraprobiotic obtained by ohmic heating added in whey-grape juice drink is effective to control postprandial glycemia in healthy adults","volume":"140","author":"Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"94","article-title":"Establishment of a functional cell culture model of the pig small intestine","volume":"23","author":"Gradisnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Altern. Anim. Exp."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.026","article-title":"Functional cell models of the gut and their applications in food microbiology\u2014A review","volume":"141","author":"Langerholc","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.03.010","article-title":"Novel and established intestinal cell line models\u2014An indispensable tool in food science and nutrition","volume":"22","author":"Langerholc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284795","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/284795","article-title":"Tylosema esculentum (Marama) Tuber and Bean Extracts Are Strong Antiviral Agents against Rotavirus Infection","volume":"2011","author":"Chingwaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay for authentication of cell lines or tissues from human, pig and chicken origin","volume":"1","author":"Gorenjak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.027","article-title":"Gut health promoting activity of new putative probiotic\/protective Lactobacillus spp. strains: A functional study in the small intestinal cell model","volume":"135","author":"Nissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"51","article-title":"Improvement of lipid profile by probiotic\/protective cultures: Study in a non-carcinogenic small intestinal cell model","volume":"37","author":"Gorenjak","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-015-1056-7","article-title":"Apple juice as a medium for fermentation by the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum PCS 26 strain","volume":"65","author":"Dimitrovski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2064-0","article-title":"Synbiotic functional drink from Jerusalem artichoke juice fermented by probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum PCS26","volume":"53","author":"Dimitrovski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.040","article-title":"The effect of bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum strains on the intracellular pH of sessile and planktonic Listeria monocytogenes single cells","volume":"141","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.022","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the plantaricin EFI locus of Lactobacillus plantarum PCS20 reveals an unusual plantaricin E gene sequence as a result of mutation","volume":"141","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"23","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum PCS 26 kot probioti\u010dno prehransko dopolnilo pri slovenskih bolnikih s presnovnim sindromom: Pilotna klini\u010dna \u0161tudija","volume":"8","author":"Gorenjak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Med. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-011-9086-3","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus BFE 5264 and Lactobacillus plantarum NR74 Promote Cholesterol Excretion Through the Up-Regulation of ABCG5\/8 in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"3","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2012.706598","article-title":"Reduction in cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells through the down-regulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 by the putative probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus BFE5264 and Lactobacillus plantarum NR74 from fermented foods","volume":"64","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991991","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus reduces cholesterol absorption through the down-regulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in Caco-2 cells","volume":"103","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02161.x","article-title":"Heat-Killed Lactic Acid Bacteria Enhance Immunomodulatory Potential by Skewing the Immune Response toward Th1 Polarization","volume":"76","author":"Ou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02440.x","article-title":"Orally administered heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 can upregulate cell-mediated immunity in senescence-accelerated mice","volume":"326","author":"Kawase","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(92)90086-S","article-title":"A tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for quantification of HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity in monocyte-macrophages exposed to macrophage-colony-stimulating factor","volume":"40","author":"Bergamini","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.03.013","article-title":"Interactions of macrophages with probiotic bacteria lead to increased antiviral response against vesicular stomatitis virus","volume":"75","author":"Ivec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000738","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with epidermal growth factor-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on duodenal development in weaned piglets","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2247300","article-title":"Interplay of energy metabolism and autophagy","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2016.0311271216","article-title":"Potential mechanisms linking probiotics to diabetes: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"135","author":"Miraghajani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora-Villalobos, J.A., Montero-Zamora, J., Barboza, N., Rojas-Garbanzo, C., Usaga, J., Redondo-Solano, M., Schroedter, L., Olszewska-Widdrat, A., and L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, J.P. (2020). Multi-product lactic acid bacteria fermentations: A review. Fermentation, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation6010023"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13364","article-title":"Probiotic roles of Lactobacillus sp. in swine: Insights from gut microbiota","volume":"122","author":"Valeriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowarah, R., Verma, A.K., Agarwal, N., Singh, P., and Singh, B.R. (2018). Selection and characterization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and its impact on growth, nutrient digestibility, health and antioxidant status in weaned piglets. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192978"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"323","article-title":"Enterocyte-like differentiation and polarization of the human-colon carcinoma cell-line Caco-2 in culture","volume":"47","author":"Pinto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600790604","article-title":"Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. I: A model for studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorbtive (Caco-2) cells","volume":"79","author":"Artursson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00756522","article-title":"The human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2; pharmacological and pharmacokinetic applications","volume":"11","author":"Meunier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80072-1","article-title":"Characterization of the Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (Caco-2) as a Model System for Intestinal Epithelial Permeability","volume":"96","author":"Hidalgo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00345.2012","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus upregulates intestinal NHE3 expression and function","volume":"303","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borthakur, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Kumar, A., Anbazhagan, A.N., Tobacman, J.K., and Dudeja, P.K. (2013). Lactobacillus acidophilus Alleviates Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075664"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.7.1355","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus stimulates chloride\/hydroxyl exchange activity in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"138","author":"Borthakur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"167","article-title":"Potential of probiotic strains to modulate the inflammatory responses of epithelial and immune cells in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022282221530","article-title":"Messenger RNA expression of transporter and ion channel genes in undifferentiated and differentiated Caco-2 cells compared to human intestines","volume":"20","author":"Anderle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13562","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13562","article-title":"Degree of SGLT1 phosphorylation is associated with but does not determine segment-specific glucose transport features in the porcine small intestines","volume":"6","author":"Klinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235184","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/235184","article-title":"Effects of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in a Pig and Human Epithelial Intestinal Cell Model","volume":"2015","author":"Lodemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2010007500115","article-title":"The Na+\/glucose cotransporters: From genes to therapy","volume":"43","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.003043","article-title":"The Intestinal Na+\/Glucose Cotransporter","volume":"55","author":"Wright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060308-103103","article-title":"Regulation of mRNA translation and stability by microRNAs","volume":"79","author":"Fabian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franks, A., Airoldi, E., and Slavov, N. (2017). Post-transcriptional regulation across human tissues. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005535"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.10.036","article-title":"Correlation of mRNA and protein in complex biological samples","volume":"583","author":"Maier","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02761K","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria reduce diabetes symptoms in mice by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in different manners","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108575","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6108575","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduces Blood Glucose Level through Downregulation of Gluconeogenesis Gene Expression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"2020","author":"Farida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v65.8087","article-title":"Weissella cibaria MG5285 and Lactobacillus reuteri MG5149 attenuated fat accumulation in adipose and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced C57BL\/6J obese mice","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.14-116","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves glucose tolerance through alleviating ER stress and suppressing macrophage activation in db\/db mice","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palkovicsn\u00e9 P\u00e9zsa, N., Kov\u00e1cs, D., Somogyi, F., Karancsi, Z., M\u00f3ritz, A.V., Jerzsele, \u00c1., R\u00e1cz, B., and Farkas, O. (2023). Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM7133 on Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193007"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523002830","article-title":"The probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 influences the architecture and gene expression of small intestine tissue in a piglet model","volume":"131","author":"Montoya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, W., Maclean, P., Dunstan, K., Ryan, L., Peters, J., Armstrong, K., Anderson, R., Dewhurst, H., van Gendt, M., and Dilger, R.N. (2022). Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HN001 alters the microbiota composition in the cecum but not the feces in a piglet model. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1002369"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.04.033","article-title":"SGLT1-Mediated Transport in Caco-2 Cells Is Highly Dependent on Cell Bank Origin","volume":"106","author":"Steffansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2980629","article-title":"Presence and differential expression of SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3 and GLUT5 hexose-transporter mRNAs in Caco-2 cell clones in relation to cell growth and glucose consumption","volume":"298","author":"Mahraoui","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173925","article-title":"Characterization of SGLT1-mediated glucose transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers, and absence of its regulation by sugar or epinephrine","volume":"897","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/333183a0","article-title":"Insulin-regulatable tissues express a unique insulin-sensitive glucose transport protein","volume":"333","author":"James","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)37577-5","article-title":"Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues","volume":"263","author":"Kayano","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03058-2","article-title":"GLUT2 is a high affinity glucosamine transporter","volume":"524","author":"Uldry","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.001","article-title":"The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters","volume":"34","author":"Mueckler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50009","article-title":"Intestinal glucose transport: Evidence for a membrane traffic\u2013based pathway in humans","volume":"124","author":"Santer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11330","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211357698","article-title":"Normal kinetics of intestinal glucose absorption in the absence of GLUT2: Evidence for a transport pathway requiring glucose phosphorylation and transfer into the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"98","author":"Stumpel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.008","article-title":"Intestinal invalidation of the glucose transporter GLUT2 delays tissue distribution of glucose and reveals an unexpected role in gut homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.10.3056","article-title":"Apical GLUT2: A major pathway of intestinal sugar absorption","volume":"54","author":"Kellett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3500155","article-title":"The diffusive component of intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by the glucose-induced recruitment of GLUT2 to the brush-border membrane","volume":"350","author":"Kellett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155518","article-title":"Sugar Absorption in the Intestine: The Role of GLUT2","volume":"28","author":"Kellett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2011.07.010","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucose uptake in intestinal cell lines: Role of GLUT2","volume":"151","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0928","article-title":"Insulin Internalizes GLUT2 in the Enterocytes of Healthy but Not Insulin-Resistant Mice","volume":"57","author":"Tobin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70007","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.70007","article-title":"Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression and the Intricate Life of Eukaryotic mRNAs","volume":"16","author":"Lancaster","year":"2025","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3185","article-title":"Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"13","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10098","article-title":"Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control","volume":"473","author":"Busse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12317","article-title":"Normal hepatic glucose production in the absence of GLUT2 reveals an alternative pathway for glucose release from hepatocytes","volume":"95","author":"Guillam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.15.10930","article-title":"Liver Hyperplasia and Paradoxical Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism and Glucose-sensitive Gene Expression in GLUT2-null Hepatocytes: Further evidence for the existence of a membrane-based glucose release pathway","volume":"275","author":"Burcelin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Me\u0161trovi\u0107 Popovi\u010d, K., Povalej Br\u017ean, P., Langerholc, T., and Mar\u010dun Varda, N. (2022). The Impact of Lactobacillus plantarum PCS26 Supplementation on the Treatment and Recurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Children\u2014A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237008"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2387765","article-title":"Probiotics intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy: A review from proposed mechanisms to future prospects","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2830\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:24:45Z","timestamp":1788524685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18172830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18172830","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}