{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:34Z","timestamp":1787944654774,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Postbiotics derived from beneficial bacteria have emerged as promising bioactive ingredients owing to their enhanced stability, safety, and functional versatility relative to live microorganisms. Methods: The present study was structured in two complementary stages: (i) biological characterization of liquid microfiltrates obtained from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bacillus mojavensis fermented in aguamiel, and (ii) technological stabilization of these postbiotics through microencapsulation by spray drying, with a view to their potential incorporation into food matrices. Results&amp;Conclusions: In the first stage, biological activity was assessed in vitro using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and in vivo in C57BL\/6J mice, in order to evaluate safety and gastrointestinal effects. Both postbiotics significantly reduced cell viability relative to controls, consistent with antiproliferative activity. In vivo, no macroscopic intestinal damage was observed, supporting their safety profile. Histomorphometric analysis revealed preserved intestinal architecture, with elongation of villi and crypts and increased mucin 2 production, indicating strengthened mucosal barrier integrity; these effects were more pronounced in the Bacillus mojavensis-treated group. In the second stage, the spray-dried powders exhibited adequate physicochemical stability, supporting their potential application as functional food ingredients. The spray-dried powders exhibited adequate physicochemical stability, supporting their potential application as functional food ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"2831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Postbiotics from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bacillus mojavensis Fermented in Aguamiel on Their Cytotoxic Effect in Breast Cancer Cells, Their In Vivo Effects, and Processing by Spray Drying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-2818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelfo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ceja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Docencia, Facultad de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Barrio Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico"},{"name":"Ingenier\u00eda en Industrias Alimentarias, TecNM-Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Superior de Venustiano Carranza, Av. Tecnol\u00f3gico S\/N, Ciudad L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas, Puebla 73049, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1169-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen Tatiana","family":"Zuluaga-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Docencia, Facultad de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Barrio Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8284-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Isela","family":"Ortiz-Basurto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Integral de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentos, TecNM-Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tepic, Tepic 63175, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-5012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Tapia-Maruri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Yautepec 62739, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6560-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda de Lourdes","family":"Meza-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Nutrici\u00f3n, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Puebla 72410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6836-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Abraham","family":"Cardoso-Ugarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Docencia, Escuela de Gastronom\u00eda, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Puebla 72410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porfirio","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"P\u00e9rez-Armend\u00e1riz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Docencia, Facultad de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Barrio Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico"},{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Nutrici\u00f3n, Universidad Popular Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Puebla, 21 Sur No. 1103, Puebla 72410, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Marroqu\u00edn, X.A., Estrada-Fern\u00e1ndez, A.G., Garc\u00eda-Ceja, A., Aguirre-\u00c1lvarez, G., and Le\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, A. 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