{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:14:17Z","timestamp":1788527657262,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study evaluated changes in PMS severity, nutrition knowledge, and eating attitudes over a 6-week online nutrition education programme delivered to female university students. Methods: This uncontrolled single-arm pretest\/posttest study included 112 female university students recruited by convenience sampling from a women\u2019s dormitory. Nutrition education was delivered daily for 6 weeks via WhatsApp as 42 informational cards. Measurements were taken before and after the programme. Attitudes and behaviours associated with disordered eating were screened using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), nutrition knowledge using the Nutrition Knowledge Level Scale for Adults (NKLSA), and premenstrual symptom severity using the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: No significant changes occurred in nutrition knowledge (p = 0.409) or eating attitudes (p = 0.654). The PMSS score significantly decreased (mean change = 14.28 \u00b1 46.34; 95% CI 5.60\u201322.96; p = 0.001, dz = 0.31, 95% CI 0.12\u20130.50), with decreases across eight subscales (dz = 0.19\u20130.38; BH q &lt; 0.05), whereas appetite changes were unchanged (p = 0.423); the largest standardized changes were observed for depressive mood and bloating. PMSS change was not correlated with knowledge (r = 0.001) or knowledge with eating attitudes (r = 0.057); PMSS and eating attitude changes were weakly positively correlated (r = 0.187, p = 0.048; exploratory, not corrected for multiplicity). Conclusions: Following a 6-week WhatsApp-based nutrition education programme, self-reported PMS severity decreased, particularly mood and somatic symptoms, without changes in nutrition knowledge or eating attitudes. The uncontrolled single-arm design precludes attributing these changes to the programme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1788430233000},"page":"2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Premenstrual Syndrome Severity, Nutrition Knowledge, and Eating Attitudes Following Online Nutrition Education in Female University Students: An Uncontrolled Single-Arm Pretest\u2013Posttest Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Esra Tansu","family":"Sar\u0131yer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Science, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Ba\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"\u00c7olak \u00c7etinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gudipally, P.R., and Sharma, G.K. 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