{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:11:59Z","timestamp":1788541919576,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s (MOH) National Medical Research Council (NMRC) under its PHRG-NIG funding scheme","award":["MOH-001652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-001652"]}]},{"name":"NTU Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Start-Up Grant"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University under the URECA Undergraduate Research Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Memory influences decision-making regarding eating behaviour. However, marketing utilises our memory to exploit our consumptive habits. Whether we have an inherent bias towards memorising visual cues associated with high-calorie foods and how such bias contributes to our health outcomes remains to be determined. We therefore aimed to develop and validate a computerized, image-based Food Memory Bias Task (FMBT) for use in multiethnic Asian populations. Methods: In the development phase involving 172 participants, 91.9% rated the instrument as user-friendly and we optimised the instrument format into 12 visual food cues and 30-min delay period to avoid a ceiling effect. In the validation phase involving 184 multi-ethnic Asian participants (49.3 (14.5) years old, 44.6% male, 71.7% Chinese), FMBT memory score was associated with the brief assessment of cognition memory (\u03b2(p) = 0.23 (5.1 \u00d7 10\u22126)), and general cognition score \u2018g\u2019 (\u03b2(p) = 0.30 (6.5 \u00d7 10\u22129)). Results: Higher memory bias was associated with lower memory score in the low-calorie bias group (r=\u22120.33, p=0.002), but not in the hig h-calorie bias group. In this present study, despite randomly administering two versions of the test across visits, the FMBT bias score demonstrates a significant learning effect and low reproducibility (r(p) = \u22120.14 (0.11) across visits). Food memory bias score is associated with higher food approach traits according to the Adult-Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (\u03b2(p) = 0.23(0.015)), independent of age, sex, and ethnicity. Conclusion: FMBT provides an opportunity to address epidemiological questions on how food memory bias influences dietary habit and cardiometabolic health, and how it is in turn shaped by our built environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"2912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Development and Validation of the Food Memory Bias Test for a Large-Scale Epidemiological Study in a Multiethnic Asian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Brendon Yi Neng","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3988-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irving Yu Le","family":"Shua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rahmania Putri","family":"Dewinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Republic Polytechnic, 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Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nadia Loh Ting","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, 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Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresia","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, 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