{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:09:46Z","timestamp":1788775786127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have long been investigated as potential adjunctive therapies for multiple sclerosis because of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, the available evidence remains heterogeneous and has not been comprehensively mapped. This scoping review aimed to characterize the evidence on PUFA supplementation, identify research trends and knowledge gaps, and contextualize findings from primary studies alongside systematic reviews. This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and EU CTR\/EudraCT were searched up to June 2026. Eligible evidence included randomized and non-randomized intervention studies, longitudinal cohort studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trial registry records evaluating omega-3, omega-6, or combined PUFA supplementation in persons with multiple sclerosis. Data were descriptively charted and narratively synthesized. Thirty reports representing 24 independent evidence sources (18 primary studies and 6 systematic reviews) were included. Research evolved from early omega-6 interventions, which demonstrated biological activity but limited clinical benefit, to omega-3 supplementation, where mechanistic evidence expanded despite inconsistent clinical outcomes. More recent studies investigated combined PUFA formulations, reporting the most promising findings for relapse-related outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers, while evidence remains limited by a small number of studies and heterogeneous interventions. Systematic reviews consistently interpreted the evidence more cautiously than individual primary studies. PUFA research in multiple sclerosis has progressed from exploratory studies to more sophisticated intervention strategies integrating clinical and mechanistic outcomes. Although PUFAs show biological activity and favorable safety profiles, consistent evidence of clinically meaningful disease modification remains limited. This evidence map highlights methodological advances, persistent heterogeneity, and priorities for future well-designed randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis Management: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5080-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita S.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Fernando Pessoa University, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAETA\u2014Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace, INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"100977","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Epidemiological Trends and Redefining the Clinical Course","volume":"44","author":"Portaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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