{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1788844255176,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Health Research Fund of the Ministry of Health and Consumption","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI12\/02777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI12\/02777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Health Research Fund of the Ministry of Health and Consumption","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/01754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mart\u00ed Franqu\u00e8s Fellowship","award":["2024PMF-PIPF-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024PMF-PIPF-07"]}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Program of the Spanish Ministry of Universities","award":["BG22\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG22\/00050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Maternal diet plays a crucial role in fetal development and may influence offspring weight development. Although fruits and vegetables provide nutritional and metabolic benefits during pregnancy, evidence regarding their specific role on childhood overweight\/obesity remains limited. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal intake of fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices during pregnancy and the risk of overweight\/obesity in children at 4 years of age. Methods: We analyzed 252 mother\u2013child pairs from the Mediterranean ECLIPSES cohort in a prospective observational study. Maternal dietary intake was assessed at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of gestation using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire previously validated in a Spanish population. Childhood overweight\/obesity was defined as a BMI z-score above the 85th percentile for age and sex at age 4. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs. Results: Higher maternal consumption of fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with overweight\/obesity in children (OR: 0.31 [0.13\u20130.74]). No associations were observed for total or natural fruit juice, whereas higher consumption of commercial fruit juice was associated with increased odds of overweight\/obesity (OR: 2.48 [1.06\u20135.78]). Conclusions: Higher maternal combined consumption of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy was associated with lower odds of overweight or obesity in offspring at 4 years of age, whereas the opposite association was observed for commercial, but not natural, fruit juice. These associations may involve both prenatal biological and postnatal behavioral and family dietary pathways; however, the commercial fruit juice finding should be considered exploratory and requires confirmation in larger prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Consumption of Fruits, Vegetables and Fruit Juices in Relation to Offspring Weight at 4 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9880-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Riggioni-Sabor\u00edo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Unitat de Salut P\u00fablica i Epidemiologia Nutricional, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Jard\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Unitat de Salut P\u00fablica i Epidemiologia Nutricional, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud (IRB CatSud), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Becerra-Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Unitat de Salut P\u00fablica i Epidemiologia Nutricional, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud (IRB CatSud), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7145-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Cruz-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Unitat de Salut P\u00fablica i Epidemiologia Nutricional, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud (IRB CatSud), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Arija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Unitat de Salut P\u00fablica i Epidemiologia Nutricional, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud (IRB CatSud), 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"Collaborative Group on Lifestyles, Nutrition, and Tobacco (CENIT), Institut D\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria IDIAP Jordi Gol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01075-7","article-title":"Associations between Lifestyle Interventions during Pregnancy and Childhood Weight and Growth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Raab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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