{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:09:54Z","timestamp":1788775794883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education and Science in Poland","award":["NdS-II\/SP\/0429\/2023\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS-II\/SP\/0429\/2023\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour are important components of adolescent lifestyle, but favourable movement behaviour may not correspond to favourable behaviours across other health-related domains. This study aimed to identify empirical physical activity\u2013sedentary behaviour profiles among adolescents and examine their co-occurring dietary, sleep, digital, and general health behaviours. Methods: This cross-sectional, school-based study used data from 3307 Polish adolescents aged 15\u201317 years. Following final processing of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire\u2013Long Form, 1932 participants had complete and analytically eligible data for sedentary time, walking, moderate-intensity physical activity, and vigorous-intensity physical activity and were included in profile derivation. The four variables were Z-standardised before k-means clustering. Solutions from k = 2 to k = 6 were evaluated using the silhouette coefficient, Calinski\u2013Harabasz index, Davies\u2013Bouldin index, and Adjusted Rand Index (ARI). Co-occurring behaviours were compared using chi-square and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests with effect-size estimates. Results: Cluster assignments were almost identical across repeated k-means runs initiated from different random starting centroids (ARI = 0.999). Because all runs were performed on the same set of participants, this result reflects low dependence on the initial centroid configuration rather than robustness to changes in sample composition. Separation between the two groups was limited (silhouette coefficient = 0.294), while the correspondence between classifications obtained from unstandardised and Z-standardised variables was minimal (ARI = 0.008), demonstrating a strong influence of scaling on cluster membership. The final classification included 1070 adolescents (55.4%) in the Higher Physical Activity profile and 862 (44.6%) in the Lower Physical Activity profile. The profiles showed no clear differences in school-day sleep duration, television\/computer use, or internet-related risk. Weekend sleep duration differed between profiles (V = 0.120, p = 0.001). The Higher Physical Activity profile had higher Pro-Healthy Diet Index (r = 0.100, p &lt; 0.001) and Non-Healthy Diet Index scores (r = 0.090, p &lt; 0.001), slightly higher energy-drink intake (r = 0.080, p = 0.001), and more frequent out-of-home meal consumption (V = 0.079, p = 0.002). Effect sizes for co-occurring behaviours were generally small. Conclusions: Empirically distinct movement-behaviour profiles showed only partial correspondence with broader lifestyle characteristics. Higher physical activity coexisted with both more and less favourable dietary characteristics, whereas the Lower Physical Activity profile did not show a consistently adverse sleep or digital-behaviour pattern. These findings indicate that physical activity level alone should not be treated as a proxy for overall adolescent lifestyle quality. Given the exploratory, cross-sectional design and method-dependent nature of the profiles, the findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating rather than as evidence for fixed lifestyle types or profile-specific interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical Activity\u2013Sedentary Behaviour Profiles and Co-Occurring Lifestyle Behaviours Among Adolescents: A Person-Oriented Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mariola","family":"Wojciechowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Problems and Social Work, Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Krakowska 11, 25-029 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2564-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz \u0141ukasz","family":"\u017burawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, al. IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Cie\u015bla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, al. IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zmy\u015blna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, al. IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-516 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Kozie\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Other Health Professions, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafa, A., Yasui, Y., Kokubo, Y., Kato, Y., Matsumoto, C., Teramoto, M., Nosaka, S., and Kogirima, M. (2024). Lifestyle Behaviors of Childhood and Adolescence: Contributing Factors, Health Consequences, and Potential Interventions. Am. J. Lifestyle Med.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276241245941"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lioret, S., Campbell, K.J., McNaughton, S.A., Cameron, A.J., Salmon, J., Abbott, G., and Hesketh, K.D. (2020). Lifestyle Patterns Begin in Early Childhood, Persist and Are Socioeconomically Patterned, Confirming the Importance of Early Life Interventions. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030724"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00073-6","article-title":"Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10\u201324 years in the EU, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019","volume":"6","author":"Armocida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03719-z","article-title":"Clustering of 24-h movement behaviors associated with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents: A latent class analysis","volume":"180","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Faria, F.R., Neves Miranda, V.P., Howe, C.A., Sasaki, J.E., and dos Santos Amorim, P.R. (2020). Behavioral classes related to physical activity and sedentary behavior on the evaluation of health and mental outcomes among Brazilian adolescents. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234374"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105892","article-title":"Clustering of unhealthy behaviors in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"130","author":"Mayne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.04.012","article-title":"Associations of multiple unhealthy lifestyle behaviors with overweight\/obesity and abdominal obesity among Brazilian adolescents: A country-wide survey","volume":"28","author":"Cureau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2019-0835","article-title":"Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Bozzini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alosaimi, N., Sherar, L.B., Griffiths, P., Hamer, M., and Pearson, N. (2024). Clusters of diet, physical activity, screen-time and sleep among adolescents and associations with 3-year change in indicators of adiposity. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316186"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-009-0140-2","article-title":"Latent Class Analysis of Lifestyle Characteristics and Health Risk Behaviors among College Youth","volume":"10","author":"Laska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonsson, K.R., Corell, M., L\u00f6fstedt, P., and Adjei, N.K. (2023). The clustering of multiple health and lifestyle behaviors among Swedish adolescents: A person-oriented analysis. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1178353"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, V.P.N., Coimbra, D.R., Bastos, R.R., Miranda, M.V., and dos Santos Amorim, P.R. (2021). Use of latent class analysis as a method of assessing the physical activity level, sedentary behavior and nutritional habit in the adolescents\u2019 lifestyle: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256069"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431616648452","article-title":"Introduction to Latent Class Analysis With Applications","volume":"37","author":"Porcu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019004786","article-title":"Body image disorders associated with lifestyle and body composition of female adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojciechowska, M., Cie\u015bla, E., \u017burawski, A.\u0141., Zmy\u015blna, A., and Kozie\u0142, D. (2026). Physical Activity\u2013Sedentary Behaviour Profiles and Associated Lifestyle Characteristics in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172798"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-11-4","article-title":"The clustering of diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: A review","volume":"11","author":"Leech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0804-7","article-title":"Activity-related behavior typologies in youth: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac212","article-title":"Combinations of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Duration and Their Associations With Physical, Psychological, and Educational Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review","volume":"192","author":"Wilhite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.160245","article-title":"Physical Activity, Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep Duration in Adolescents: Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2011\u20132013","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Mart\u00edn, D., Zurita-Ortega, F., Ruiz-Tendero, G., and Ubago-Jim\u00e9nez, J.L. (2023). Moderate\u2013Vigorous Physical Activity, Screen Time and Sleep Time Profiles: A Cluster Analysis in Spanish Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032004"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01339-4","article-title":"A latent transition analysis of physical activity and screen-based sedentary behavior from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"19","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13378","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13378","article-title":"Relationships of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with the previous and subsequent nights\u2019 sleep in children and youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"170","article-title":"Physical Activity and Nighttime Sleep in Adolescents","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.07.007","article-title":"Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Hale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2341","article-title":"Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.06.004","article-title":"Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Alimoradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.01.005","article-title":"Adolescent use of social media and associations with sleep patterns across 18 European and North American countries","volume":"9","author":"Furstova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8427","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8427","article-title":"Teenage sleep and technology engagement across the week","volume":"2020","author":"Orben","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hena, M., and Garmy, P. (2020). Social Jetlag and Its Association With Screen Time and Nighttime Texting Among Adolescents in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00122"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitaker, V., Oldham, M., Boyd, J., Fairbrother, H., Curtis, P., Meier, P., and Holmes, J. (2021). Clustering of health-related behaviours within children aged 11\u201316: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10140-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadolowska, L., Hamulka, J., Kowalkowska, J., Kostecka, M., Wadolowska, K., Biezanowska-Kopec, R., Czarniecka-Skubina, E., Kozirok, W., and Piotrowska, A. (2018). Prudent-Active and Fast-Food-Sedentary Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns: The Association with Adiposity, Nutrition Knowledge and Sociodemographic Factors in Polish Teenagers\u2014The ABC of Healthy Eating Project. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121988"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granda, D., Sura\u0142a, O., Malczewska-Lenczowska, J., Szczepa\u0144ska, B., Pastuszak, A., and Sarnecki, R. (2024). Energy Drink Consumption Among Physically Active Polish Adolescents: Gender and Age-Specific Public Health Issue. Int. J. Public Health, 69.","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1606906"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.02.008","article-title":"Adolescent Consumption of Sports and Energy Drinks: Linkages to Higher Physical Activity, Unhealthy Beverage Patterns, Cigarette Smoking, and Screen Media Use","volume":"46","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04322-6","article-title":"Risky behaviors, substance use, and other lifestyle correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"181","author":"Marinoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00719-z","article-title":"Energy drink consumption among Australian adolescents associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration","volume":"20","author":"Nuss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandic, S., Khan, A., Garc\u00eda-Bengoechea, E., Coppell, K., Wilson, G., and Smith, M. (2024). Physical activity, screen time and dietary behaviours in New Zealand adolescents prior to and following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17688-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/000711005X48266","article-title":"K-means clustering: A half-century synthesis","volume":"59","author":"Steinley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.294","article-title":"Local Optima in K-Means Clustering: What You Don\u2019t Know May Hurt You","volume":"8","author":"Steinley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-007-0003-0","article-title":"Initializing K-means batch clustering: A critical evaluation of several techniques","volume":"24","author":"Steinley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04449-0","article-title":"Parental insulin resistance is associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviours independently of body mass index in children: The Feel4Diabetes study","volume":"181","author":"Cardon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Te Velde, S.J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Thorsdottir, I., Rasmussen, M., Hagstr\u00f6mer, M., Klepp, K.-I., and Brug, J. (2007). Patterns in sedentary and exercise behaviors and associations with overweight in 9\u201314-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-16"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, M.M., Moser, A.M., and Rubin, E. (2012). Unsupervised analysis of classical biomedical markers: Robustness and medical relevance of patient clustering using bioinformatics tools. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029578"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2022-0049","article-title":"Prediction Strength for Clustering Activity Patterns Using Accelerometer Data","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Meas. Phys. Behav."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30088-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of school-based eHealth interventions to prevent multiple lifestyle risk behaviours among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Champion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.02.022","article-title":"School-Based Physical Activity Interventions in Prevocational Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"65","author":"Otten","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13186","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13186","article-title":"The impact of, and views on, school food intervention and policy in young people aged 11\u201318 years in Europe: A mixed methods systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00973-0","article-title":"Development of a consensus statement on the role of the family in the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviours of children and youth","volume":"17","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:35:28Z","timestamp":1788773728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/17\/2927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18172927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18172927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}