{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:08:22Z","timestamp":1789189702386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2022R1F1A1069376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2022R1F1A1069376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NRF2022R1F1A1069376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2022R1F1A1069376"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01p262204","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["2026-0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-0042"]}]},{"award":["2026-0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-0042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prostate cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality in men. Arctigenin (ATG) and curcumin (CUR) exhibit anticancer activity; however, their combined effects on redox and metabolic stress remain incompletely understood. This study investigated the anticancer effects of combined ATG and CUR treatment in prostate cancer cells. Methods: PC-3 prostate cancer cells and normal human prostate epithelial (HPrEC) cells were treated with ATG and CUR alone or in combination. Cell viability, combination index, reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH\/GSSG ratio, ATP levels, AMPK phosphorylation, and apoptosis-related responses were evaluated. The contribution of oxidative stress was examined using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and treatment effects were further assessed in three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. Results: Combined ATG and CUR treatment produced greater growth-inhibitory and apoptotic responses in PC-3 cells than in HPrEC cells and was synergistic under the tested condition in PC-3 cells. The combination increased ROS, reduced the GSH\/GSSG ratio and ATP levels, increased AMPK phosphorylation, and enhanced apoptosis-related responses. NAC attenuated ROS accumulation, partially restored cell viability and ATP levels, and reduced caspase-3\/7 activity in PC-3 cells. In 3D PC-3 spheroids, NAC also partially restored viability and ATP levels and attenuated increases in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. Conclusions: Combined ATG and CUR treatment induces redox and metabolic stress and enhanced apoptotic responses in PC-3 cells, with weaker effects in HPrEC cells. NAC rescue supports a functional contribution of oxidative stress. These findings support an association between ROS-related metabolic stress, AMPK phosphorylation, and apoptotic signaling, while precise causal relationships require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18182968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:38:39Z","timestamp":1789040319000},"page":"2968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Arctigenin and Curcumin Treatment Induces Redox and Metabolic Stress, AMPK Phosphorylation, and Apoptotic Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Moon-Kyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sang-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hae-Seon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsic","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-1284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31511, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Association of Urology (2025). EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer, European Association of Urology."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.0052","article-title":"Prostate cancer, version 3.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"23","author":"Spratt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nat. Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.06.011","article-title":"Prostate cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: New dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw5473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5473","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression","volume":"368","author":"Faubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.006","article-title":"The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Pavlova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600200","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600200","article-title":"Fundamentals of cancer metabolism","volume":"2","author":"DeBerardinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00378-6","article-title":"Cancer metabolism: Looking forward","volume":"21","author":"Chandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01435-5","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer","volume":"125","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasorsa, F., di Meo, N.A., Rutigliano, M., Ferro, M., Terracciano, D., Tataru, O.S., Battaglia, M., Ditonno, P., and Lucarelli, G. (2023). Emerging hallmarks of metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24020910"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02762-z","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations in prostate cancer","volume":"131","author":"Carracedo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.81609","article-title":"An overview: The diversified role of mitochondria in cancer metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6926","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.123647","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in urological tumors: New perspectives from tumor metabolic phenotypes to therapeutic targets","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, X., Guo, S., Li, W., Wang, Y., Bao, J., He, J., and Jin, H. (2026). Natural products as metabolic modulators to enhance cancer immunotherapy: Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1740644"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1039\/c0fo00103a","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of natural dietary flavonoids","volume":"1","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.02.009","article-title":"Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer","volume":"71","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.S., and Wang, H. (2016). Cancer preventive activities of tea catechins. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21121679"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.215S","article-title":"Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond","volume":"81","author":"Scalbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174419","article-title":"Arctigenin, an anti-tumor agent: A cutting-edge topic and up-to-the-minute approach in cancer treatment","volume":"909","author":"Shabgah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154647","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of arctigenin against multiple human diseases: A mechanistic review","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewlings, S.J., and Kalman, D.S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6100092"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, A., and Tommonaro, G. (2019). Curcumin and cancer. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102376"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3143","article-title":"Identification of arctigenin as an antitumor agent having the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient starvation","volume":"66","author":"Awale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.06.002","article-title":"Arctigenin preferentially induces tumor cell death under glucose deprivation by inhibiting cellular energy metabolism","volume":"84","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13621","article-title":"Curcumin, the golden nutraceutical: Multitargeting for multiple chronic diseases","volume":"174","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomeh, M.A., Hadianamrei, R., and Zhao, X. (2019). A review of curcumin and its derivatives as anticancer agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051033"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_3","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin","volume":"595","author":"Menon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108613","article-title":"Curcumin promotes cancer-associated fibroblast apoptosis via ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"694","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2023.69.14.43","article-title":"Natural compounds targeting cellular redox homeostasis in malignancies","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakhri, S., Moradi, S.Z., Moradi, S.Y., Piri, S., Shiri Varnamkhasti, B., Piri, S., Khirehgesh, M.R., Bishayee, A., Casarcia, N., and Bishayee, A. (2024). Phytochemicals regulate cancer metabolism through modulation of the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12715-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-041916-065808","article-title":"The two faces of reactive oxygen species in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Reczek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.05.023","article-title":"ROS signalling in the biology of cancer","volume":"80","author":"Moloney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. (2020). Oxidative stress: Concept and some practical aspects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.03.002","article-title":"The complex interplay between antioxidants and ROS in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.02.002","article-title":"The Nrf2 regulatory network provides an interface between redox and intermediary metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175804","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6175804","article-title":"ROS generation and antioxidant defense systems in normal and malignant cells","volume":"2019","author":"Snezhkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161148","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: Maintaining energy homeostasis at the cellular and whole-body levels","volume":"34","author":"Hardie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95","article-title":"AMPK: Guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Herzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00547-x","article-title":"New insights into activation and function of the AMPK","volume":"24","author":"Steinberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006080","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006080","article-title":"Cell death signaling","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.179","article-title":"MOMP, cell suicide as a BCL-2 family business","volume":"25","author":"Kalkavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keerthana, C.K., Rayginia, T.P., Shifana, S.C., Anto, N.P., Kalimuthu, K., Isakov, N., and Anto, R.J. (2023). The role of AMPK in cancer metabolism and its impact on the immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1114582"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.01.018","article-title":"The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and cancer: Many faces of a metabolic regulator","volume":"356","author":"Faubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e532","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.60","article-title":"Targeting cellular metabolism to improve cancer therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espitia-P\u00e9rez, P.J., Espitia-Perez, L.M., and Negrette-Guzm\u00e1n, M. (2025). Targeting prostate cancer metabolism through transcriptional and epigenetic modulation: A multi-target approach to therapeutic innovation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136013"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.226","article-title":"Spheroid-based drug screen: Considerations and practical approach","volume":"4","author":"Friedrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.03.013","article-title":"Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model","volume":"163","author":"Nath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langhans, S.A. (2018). Three-dimensional in vitro cell culture models in drug discovery and drug repositioning. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00006"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.10.018","article-title":"Emerging tumor spheroid technologies for 3D in vitro cancer modeling","volume":"184","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2249","article-title":"AMP-activated\/SNF1 protein kinases: Conserved guardians of cellular energy","volume":"8","author":"Hardie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02011-5","article-title":"AMPK: A key factor in crosstalk between tumor cell energy metabolism and immune microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death. Discov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0288-x","article-title":"Tumour metabolism and its unique properties in prostate adenocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Bader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0451-1","article-title":"The emerging role and targetability of the TCA cycle in cancer metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0029-7","article-title":"Regulation of chromatin and gene expression by metabolic enzymes and metabolites","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoarau-V\u00e9chot, J., Rafii, A., Touboul, C., and Pasquier, J. (2018). Halfway between 2D and animal models: Are 3D cultures the ideal tool to study cancer\u2013microenvironment interactions?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010181"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/2968\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:28:50Z","timestamp":1789187330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/2968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18182968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18182968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}