{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:21:03Z","timestamp":1789125663962,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Diet, Physical Activity and Body Composition Core of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center (NORC) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK056350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK056350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P30DK056350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK056350"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00adh9b73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence lipid-mediated inflammatory pathways implicated in migraine, yet randomized trial data evaluating biologic effects of omega-3 supplementation in youth with migraine remain limited. This pilot quasi-randomized clinical trial aimed to determine whether 12 weeks of omega-3 PUFA supplementation produces measurable changes in whole-blood EPA and DHA levels in children and adolescents with migraine, and to characterize changes in patient-reported measures of pain, migraine-related disability, and psychological distress. Methods: We conducted a parallel-group, quasi-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents (ages 10\u201317) with migraine diagnosed per International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition criteria, recruited from pediatric neurology clinics at two academic medical centers. Of 57 participants allocated 1:1 to daily omega-3 PUFA supplementation (340 mg EPA + 510 mg DHA) or coconut oil placebo for 12 weeks, 44 completed the study and were analyzed. The primary outcome was change in whole-blood omega-3 PUFA index. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported measures of pain intensity, pain interference, migraine-related disability, and psychological distress. Exploratory outcomes included changes in omega-6\/omega-3 and arachidonic acid\/eicosapentaenoic acid (AA\/EPA) ratios. Between-group differences were evaluated using ANCOVA adjusting for baseline values. Results: Omega-3 supplementation significantly altered lipid biomarker profiles. Compared with placebo, the intervention group demonstrated greater increases in omega-3 PUFA index (adjusted mean difference 1.64; 95% CI 0.94\u20132.35; p &lt; 0.001) and greater reductions in omega-6\/omega-3 ratio (\u22122.57; 95% CI \u22124.25 to \u22120.90; p = 0.003) and AA\/EPA ratio (\u221213.52; 95% CI \u221221.55 to \u22125.49; p = 0.002), consistent with the increase in whole-blood omega-3 levels. No significant between-group differences were observed in patient-reported outcomes. Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFA supplementation significantly altered lipid biomarker profiles in youth with migraine over 12 weeks, supporting a measurable whole-blood EPA + DHA response in this proof-of-concept trial. Future larger-scale trials with longer duration are needed to evaluate clinical effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18182983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:51:37Z","timestamp":1789123897000},"page":"2983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Omega-3 Supplementation Modulates Whole-Blood EPA and DHA Without Improving Patient-Reported Outcomes in Youth with Migraine: A Quasi-Randomized Pilot Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7049-3405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Glover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne E.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keturah R.","family":"Faurot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Saame Raza","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1290-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimon","family":"Divaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1068-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P.","family":"Trau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9405-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialiu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Danze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sajan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5890-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Southern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Iskander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9295-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S542845","article-title":"Global Epidemiology and Burden of Migraine in Children and Adolescents from 1990 to 2021: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5856","article-title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Acceptability of Pharmacologic Treatments for Pediatric Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Locher","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01541-0","article-title":"Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Onofri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13625","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: Pharmacologic treatment for pediatric migraine prevention: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society","volume":"59","author":"Oskoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610384","article-title":"Trial of Amitriptyline, Topiramate, and Placebo for Pediatric Migraine","volume":"376","author":"Powers","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1915327","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"383","author":"Ashina","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T.B., Yang, C.C., Tsai, I.J., Yang, H.W., Hsu, Y.C., Chang, C.M., and Yang, C.P. (2024). Neuroimmunological effects of omega-3 fatty acids on migraine: A review. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1366372"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.049","article-title":"Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance\u2014A review","volume":"203","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30148-0","article-title":"Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Schulze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.07.011","article-title":"Nutrition interventions for youth with dyslipidemia: A National Lipid Association clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143109","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/143109","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence","volume":"2015","author":"Weylandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014092","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology","volume":"70","author":"Laye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.02.011","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rodents at low doses","volume":"33","author":"Nobre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690692","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/690692","article-title":"Factors influencing the eicosanoids synthesis in vivo","volume":"2015","author":"Szefel","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1448","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1448","article-title":"Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Ramsden","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.019","article-title":"A 12-week randomized double-blind clinical trial of eicosapentaenoic acid intervention in episodic migraine","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1344371","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine attacks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Mansoori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00349-X","article-title":"Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of recurrent migraines in adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Harel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006989","article-title":"Omega-3 index in 2018\/19","volume":"79","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1997S","article-title":"The omega-3 index as a risk factor for coronary heart disease","volume":"87","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2026.2615693","article-title":"Role of the EPA: DHA dosing ratio in omega-3 supplements on blood fatty acid profiles and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Khabir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101274","article-title":"Effects of EPA+DHA and Corn Oil Supplementation on PUFA Concentrations across Plasma Lipid Pools and on Downstream Oxylipins: Exploratory Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Humans","volume":"156","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"CD010112","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy","volume":"10","author":"Schindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 38, 1\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz161","article-title":"Predicting the effects of supplemental EPA and DHA on the omega-3 index","volume":"110","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-016-0105-8","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: Extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials","volume":"2","author":"Eldridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pilot. Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.04.001","article-title":"Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the PROMIS Pediatric Pain Intensity Measure in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Pain","volume":"22","author":"Mara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0160-x","article-title":"Using item response theory to enrich and expand the PROMIS(R) pediatric self report banks","volume":"12","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2034","article-title":"PedMIDAS: Development of a questionnaire to assess disability of migraines in children","volume":"57","author":"Hershey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027283","article-title":"The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: Scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor","volume":"24","author":"Ebesutani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200108000-00006","article-title":"PedsQL 4.0: Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations","volume":"39","author":"Varni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043301","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043301","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid serum concentrations across life stages in the USA: An analysis of NHANES 2011\u20132012","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wu, X., Li, J., Ren, Y., Miao, H., Zhai, X., Huang, C., and Chen, X. (2025). The mechanisms of specialized pro-resolving mediators in pain relief: Neuro-immune and neuroglial regulations. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1634724"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-051921-084047","article-title":"Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators as Resolution Pharmacology for the Control of Pain and Itch","volume":"63","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.70010","article-title":"Associations Between Fatty Acid Levels in Human Blood and Trigeminovascular Tissues","volume":"61","author":"Zamora","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01160-8","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against inflammation through production of LOX and CYP450 lipid mediators: Relevance for major depression and for human hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Borsini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"66","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression: Insights from recent clinical trials","volume":"28","author":"Dyall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, J., Yang, L., Huang, C., Deng, S., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., and Song, C. (2023). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Eicosapentaenoic Acid or Docosahexaenoic Acid Improved Ageing-Associated Cognitive Decline by Regulating Glial Polarization. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21070398"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-016-9923-0","article-title":"A Novel Physiology-Based Mathematical Model to Estimate Red Blood Cell Lifespan in Different Human Age Groups","volume":"18","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian, L.M., Young, A.S., Mitchell, A.M., Belury, M.A., Gracious, B.L., Arnold, L.E., and Fristad, M.A. (2017). Body weight affects omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accumulation in youth following supplementation in post-hoc analyses of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173087"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.07.013","article-title":"Establishing age-stratified red blood cell fatty acid reference ranges using model-based clustering and iterative application of the harris-boyd method","volume":"97","author":"Balogun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.11.002","article-title":"Translating plasma and whole blood fatty acid compositional data into the sum of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in erythrocytes","volume":"104","author":"Stark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2025.08.011","article-title":"Placebo Response in Acute and Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Covering 36 Years of Research","volume":"44","author":"Bruijn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105368","article-title":"Controversies about the cardiovascular effects of OM3FA. Did inappropriate placebos skew clinical trial results?","volume":"164","author":"Diogenes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.086","article-title":"Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies","volume":"69","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.102029","article-title":"ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The importance of measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in research","volume":"157","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"CD014803","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depression in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Campisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14808","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid versus placebo as adjunctive therapy in chronic migraine: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Mohammadnezhad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02322-6","article-title":"The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neurobiology of major depressive disorder and suicide risk","volume":"29","author":"Sublette","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/2983\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1789124531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/2983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18182983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18182983","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}