{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:31Z","timestamp":1792789711169,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2273_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/12\/RC\/2273_P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0271asj38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the effects of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced metabolic stress on both plasma and fecal lipidomes in rats, and to determine the influence of sex on these responses. Methods: Adult female and male Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet (REF) or HFD (45% lard fat diet) for 12 weeks and metadata were collected over time. Plasma and feces samples were collected and subjected to semi-targeted lipidomic profiling by mass spectrometry. Results: HFD induced significant morphometric and metabolic alterations in both sexes, with a more pronounced metabolic phenotype in males. Plasma lipidomics revealed extensive diet-driven induced remodeling across multiple lipid classes, driven primarily by changes in individual lipid species level rather than total class abundance. Although sex significantly influenced the plasma lipidome in both dietary conditions, the direction of HFD-induced changes in individual lipid species was largely concordant between females and males. In contrast, the fecal lipidome showed limited global remodeling but displayed distinct changes in specific lipid subclasses. Notably, fecal long-chain acylcarnitines (ACar) were consistently increased in HFD animals of both sexes. Fecal ACar 16:0 and ACar 18:1 were positively associated with body weight gain in the HFD group, whereas no significant associations were detected in REF animals. Conclusions: These findings reveal distinct systemic and intestinal lipidomic responses to HFD and highlight the value of integrating fecal lipidomics alongside plasma profiling while considering sex as a fundamental biological variable in metabolic research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"3014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-Dependent Lipidomic Remodeling in Plasma and Feces Following High-Fat Diet Intake in Adult Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8695-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-las Heras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Forsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5039-3506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla","family":"Rio-Aige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network for the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CI-BEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Costabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton (Roe), London SW15 4JD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7463-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Melgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5220-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mal\u00e9n","family":"Massot-Cladera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bast\u00edas-P\u00e9rez, M., Serra, D., and Herrero, L. (2020). Dietary Options for Rodents in the Study of Obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113234"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.608","article-title":"High-Fat Diets: Modeling the Metabolic Disorders of Human Obesity in Rodents","volume":"15","author":"Buettner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9","article-title":"Metabolomics and Lipidomics in NAFLD: Biomarkers and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tests","volume":"18","author":"Masoodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2023.11.006","article-title":"Dietary Pattern and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000080","article-title":"Fatty Acid Sources and Their Fluxes as They Contribute to Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations and Fatty Liver in Humans","volume":"25","author":"Parks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.01.009","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Lipid Metabolism and Its Impact on Host Physiology","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamichhane, S., Sen, P., Alves, M.A., Ribeiro, H.C., Raunioniemi, P., Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen, T., and Ore\u0161i\u010d, M. (2021). Linking Gut Microbiome and Lipid Metabolism: Moving beyond Associations. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11010055"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306807","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids","volume":"117","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1031-3","article-title":"Gender and Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0033-y","article-title":"Sex Differences in Metabolic Homeostasis, Diabetes, and Obesity","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156241","article-title":"Landscape of Sex Differences in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomics Studies","volume":"168","author":"Moldovan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","article-title":"Sex and Gender: Modifiers of Health, Disease, and Medicine","volume":"396","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.06.049","article-title":"Advances in Lipidomics","volume":"510","author":"Avela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2024.2437469","article-title":"Phosphatidylcholine Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Liver Injury in High-Fat Diet Mice by Modulating Bile Acid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota","volume":"76","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaggini, M., Ndreu, R., Michelucci, E., Rocchiccioli, S., and Vassalle, C. (2022). Ceramides as Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052719"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20150235","article-title":"Blood Triacylglycerols: A Lipidomic Window on Diet and Disease","volume":"44","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1104901","article-title":"The Human Plasma Lipidome","volume":"365","author":"Quehenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133211","article-title":"Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation: New Evidence for the Vertical Transmission of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds in Rats","volume":"391","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2020.01.008","article-title":"Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) and Insulin Resistance in Psoriasis","volume":"112","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis Model Assessment: Insulin Resistance and \u03b2-Cell Function from Fasting Plasma Glucose and Insulin Concentrations in Man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105850","article-title":"Maternal Diet Shapes Infant Microbiota and Defensive Capacity against Infections in Early Life via Differential Human Milk Composition","volume":"118","author":"Castell","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan-Dai, S., Grases-Pint\u00f3, B., Garc\u00eda-Vara, A., Ferrer, R., Mart\u00edn-Venegas, R., Lamuela-Ravent\u00f3s, R.M., Castell, M., P\u00e9rez-Cano, F.J., Vallverd\u00fa-Queralt, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas, M.J. (2025). Maternal Extra Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation Enhances Offspring Immune Function: A Preclinical Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167946"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipides from Animal Tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koelmel, J.P., Li, X., Stow, S.M., Sartain, M.J., Murali, A., Kemperman, R., Tsugawa, H., Takahashi, M., Vasiliou, V., and Bowden, J.A. (2020). Lipid Annotator: Towards Accurate Annotation in Non-Targeted Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS\/MS) Lipidomics Using a Rapid and User-Friendly Software. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030101"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Jang, H.B., Kim, H.J., and Lee, H.J. (2023). Identification of Biomarkers Related to Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity in Korean Obese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10020322"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03606","article-title":"Holistic Lipidomics of the Human Gut Phenotype Using Validated Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Hybrid Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"89","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064827","article-title":"Genetic Basis for Sex Differences in Obesity and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Link","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125755","article-title":"Impact of Estrogens in Males and Androgens in Females","volume":"129","author":"Hammes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.225","article-title":"A New Animal Diet Based on Human Western Diet Is a Robust Diet-Induced Obesity Model: Comparison to High-Fat and Cafeteria Diets in Term of Metabolic and Gut Microbiota Disruption","volume":"42","author":"Bortolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00986D","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of Spirulina Maxima in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Rats via the Activation of AMPK Pathway and SIRT1","volume":"9","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"135","article-title":"Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei) Extract Prevents Adiposity in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41011","article-title":"A Cameroon Western Regions High-Fat Diet (MACAPOS 2) Induces Visceral Obesity in Rat","volume":"11","author":"Mvongo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6586","article-title":"Effects of Octreotide on Hepatic Glycogenesis in Rats with High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03965-6","article-title":"Heritability and Responses to High Fat Diet of Plasma Lipidomics in a Twin Study","volume":"7","author":"Frahnow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13597","article-title":"Multiple Time-Dependent Pathophysiological Changes in a Rabbit Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5614\/3bio.2021.3.2.5","article-title":"High-Fat Diets-Induced Metabolic Disorders to Study Molecular Mechanism of Hyperlipidemia in Rats","volume":"3","author":"Maulana","year":"2021","journal-title":"3BIO J. Biol. Sci. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00647-2","article-title":"Diet-Induced Obesity in Animal Models: Points to Consider and Influence on Metabolic Markers","volume":"13","author":"Sediyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, S., Yu, Y., Allerton, T.D., Mendoza, T., Ribnicky, D.M., and Floyd, Z.E. (2020). Adaptive Fat Oxidation Is Coupled with Increased Lipid Storage in Adipose Tissue of Female Mice Fed High Dietary Fat and Sucrose. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082233"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, T., Oh, Y., Jeong, S., Cho, S., Fiehn, O., and Youn, J.H. (2024). High-Fat Feeding Alters Circulating Triglyceride Composition: Roles of FFA Desaturation and \u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Availability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168810"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260555","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/1260555","article-title":"Adipocyte Hyperplasia Facilitated Adipose Tissue Expansion to Alleviate Hepatopancreas Injury in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed High-Fat Diet","volume":"2025","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rust, B.M., Picklo, M.J., Yan, L., Mehus, A.A., and Zeng, H. (2023). Time-Restricted Feeding Modifies the Fecal Lipidome and the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071562"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milhem, F., Skates, E., Wilson, M., and Komarnytsky, S. (2024). Obesity-Resistant Mice on a High-Fat Diet Display a Distinct Phenotype Linked to Enhanced Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010171"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90899.2008","article-title":"Intestinal Lipid Absorption","volume":"296","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S337979","article-title":"Analysis of Serum Metabolomics in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130872","article-title":"Impairment of Lysophospholipid Metabolism in Obesity: Altered Plasma Profile and Desensitization to the Modulatory Properties of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"104","author":"Bas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.02.009","article-title":"Circulatory Levels of Lysophosphatidylcholine Species in Obese Adolescents: Findings from Cross-Sectional and Prospective Lipidomics Analyses","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.10.009","article-title":"Novel Bioactive Glycerol-Based Lysophospholipids: New Data-New Insight into Their Function","volume":"95","author":"Grzelczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, M.N., Risis, S., Yang, C., Meikle, P.J., Staples, M., Febbraio, M.A., and Bruce, C.R. (2012). Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholine Levels Are Reduced in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041456"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.026","article-title":"Plasma Lipidome Patterns Associated with Cardiovascular Risk in the PREDIMED Trial: A Case-Cohort Study","volume":"253","author":"Razquin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-026-00943-3","article-title":"Obesity-Driven Phosphatidylethanolamine Dysregulation Impairs Neuroimmune Crosstalk and Accelerates Alzheimer\u2019s Pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1579-1","article-title":"The HDL Lipidome Is Widely Remodeled by Fast Food versus Mediterranean Diet in 4 Days","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shama, S., Jang, H., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Shahin, N.N., Motawi, T.K., Kim, S., Gawrieh, S., and Liu, W. (2023). Phosphatidylethanolamines Are Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Obese Adults and Induce Liver Cell Metabolic Perturbations and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021034"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117274","article-title":"Effect of Biological Sex on Human Circulating Lipidome: An Overview of the Literature","volume":"384","author":"Tabassum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027103","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027103","article-title":"Lipidome- and Genome-Wide Study to Understand Sex Differences in Circulatory Lipids","volume":"11","author":"Tabassum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01921-0","article-title":"Ceramide D18:1\/24:1 as a Potential Biomarker to Differentiate Obesity Subtypes with Unfavorable Health Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaggini, M., Suman, A.F., and Vassalle, C. (2026). Ceramide in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: Modulation by Nutrients and Dietary Patterns and Opportunities to Prevent and\/or Manage Metabolic-Related Conditions. Metabolites, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16040265"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.12.012","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Ceramides and Daily Fat Oxidation in Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"82","author":"Broskey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101741","article-title":"Enhancing de Novo Ceramide Synthesis Induced by Bisphenol A Exposure Aggravates Metabolic Derangement during Obesity","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13538","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M709950200","article-title":"Protection from High Fat Diet-Induced Increase in Ceramide in Mice Lacking Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1","volume":"283","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520618","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/520618","article-title":"Sphingolipids in High Fat Diet and Obesity-Related Diseases","volume":"2015","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126925","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126925","article-title":"Large-Scale Lipidomics Identifies Associations between Plasma Sphingolipids and T2DM Incidence","volume":"4","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, S.S., Park, H.Y., Shon, J.C., Chung, I.S., Cho, H.C., Liu, K.H., and Song, D.K. (2019). Plasma Sphingomyelins Increase in Pre-Diabetic Korean Men with Abdominal Obesity. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213285"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2014.38","article-title":"Altered Levels of Serum Sphingomyelin and Ceramide Containing Distinct Acyl Chains in Young Obese Adults","volume":"4","author":"Hanamatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shon, J.C., Kim, W.C., Ryu, R., Wu, Z., Seo, J.S., Choi, M.S., and Liu, K.H. (2020). Plasma Lipidomics Reveals Insights into Anti-Obesity Effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Leaves and Its Constituent Luteolin in High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemic Mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102973"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15022991","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of Serum from High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice","volume":"15","author":"Eisinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002500","article-title":"Lipidomics Profiling and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Prospective Population-Based Bruneck Study","volume":"129","author":"Stegemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogun, K.A., Albert, C.J., Ford, D.A., Brown, R.J., and Cheema, S.K. (2013). Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alter the Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatic and Plasma Bioactive Lipids in C57BL\/6 Mice: A Lipidomic Approach. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082399"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.04.006","article-title":"The Critical Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine Metabolism in Health and Disease","volume":"1859","author":"Kennelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.19P442","article-title":"Untargeted Lipidomic Analysis of Plasma from High-Fat Diet-Induced Rats Using UHPLC\u2013Linear Trap Quadrupole\u2013Orbitrap MS","volume":"36","author":"Zhen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101068","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Lysophospholipids in Health and Disease","volume":"80","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382418","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1382418","article-title":"Lipidomic Profile Revealed the Association of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines with Adolescent Obesity","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2026.101468","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine: Its Biological Significance and Responses to Nutritional Factors for Neurohealth","volume":"156","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-5-24","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of Human Plasma Reveals Ether-Linked Lipids That Are Elevated in Morbidly Obese Humans Compared to Lean","volume":"5","author":"Donovan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.033","article-title":"Serum Lysophospholipidome of Dietary Origin as a Suitable Susceptibility\/Risk Biomarker of Human Hypercholesterolemia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"41","author":"Pedret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, N., Ho, H.J., Siddabasave, S.G., Eguchi, M., Masamura-Takeuchi, M., Chiba, H., and Hui, S.P. (2026). Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Degradation Associated with Upregulation of Pnpla6\/7 in a Murine Model of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041869"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"131","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae Growth Promotion by Intestinal Acylcarnitines, a Biomarker of Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Lemons","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMGH"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3610417","article-title":"Carnitine Biosynthesis in Mammals","volume":"361","author":"Vaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac252","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Acylcarnitine Metabolites Connect the Beneficial Association between Equol and Adiposity in Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.01.001","article-title":"Metabolomic Analyses of Faeces Reveals Malabsorption in Cirrhotic Patients","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyamfi, D., Awuah, E.O., and Owusu, S. (2018). Lipid Metabolism: An Overview. The Molecular Nutrition of Fats, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811297-7.00002-0"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.A., Ogawa, S.A., Chau, L., Whelan, K.A., Hamilton, K.E., Chen, J., Tan, L., Chen, E.Z., Keilbaugh, S., and Fogt, F. (2021). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alters Intestinal Epithelial Metabolism of Hepatic Acylcarnitines. J. Clin. Investig., 131.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133371"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai, M., T\u00f6njes, A., Kovacs, P., Stumvoll, M., Fiedler, G.M., and Leichtle, A.B. (2013). Serum Levels of Acylcarnitines Are Altered in Prediabetic Conditions. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082459"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1431","article-title":"The laboratory rat: Age and body weight matter","volume":"20","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varlamov, O., Bethea, C.L., and Roberts, C.T. (2014). Sex-Specific Differences in Lipid and Glucose Metabolism. Front. Endocrinol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00241"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:35:49Z","timestamp":1789619749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18183014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18183014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}