{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:59Z","timestamp":1789658939385,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Health Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PI14\/00695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/00695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01txxn211","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Health Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["PI21\/00369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00369"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01txxn211","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PI14\/00695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/00695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PI21\/00369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00369"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SACYL, Junta Castilla y Le\u00f3n","award":["GRS1030\/A\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS1030\/A\/14"]}]},{"award":["GRS1030\/A\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS1030\/A\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jg27733","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ISCIII-Sara Borrell Program","award":["CD24\/00120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD24\/00120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Studies evaluating the association between chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic health have reported inconsistent findings, and whether these associations differ according to underlying metabolic status remains unclear. This cross-sectional study analysed whether metabolic profile modifies the associations between chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic risk markers in 1960 adults from the SALMANTICOR population-based cohort. Methods: Chocolate consumption was classified by chocolate type (dark or milk) and frequency of intake (occasional: 1\u20133 days\/week; regular: \u22654 days\/week). Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate associations with fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure (SBP), with additional interaction analyses for diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI (except when BMI was the outcome), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, olive oil intake, and commercial pastry consumption. Results: Overall, 30.1% of participants reported habitual chocolate consumption. In multivariable models without interaction terms, both dark and milk chocolate consumption were associated with lower BMI, whereas dark chocolate consumption was associated with higher LDL cholesterol. After Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, diabetes modified the associations of dark chocolate consumption with fasting glucose and HbA1c and of milk chocolate consumption with HbA1c. Among individuals with diabetes, dark chocolate consumption was associated with lower fasting glucose and HbA1c, whereas milk chocolate consumption was associated with lower HbA1c compared with non-consumption. No such associations were observed among individuals without diabetes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the association between chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic health is not uniform across the population but differs according to the underlying metabolic profile. In particular, the associations with glycaemic markers were confined to individuals with diabetes, suggesting that metabolic status may modify the relationship between habitual chocolate consumption and glycaemic control. Further prospective population-based studies and intervention trials are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"3023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Chocolate Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers Across Metabolic Profiles: Insights from a Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00edn-Carro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2235-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Iglesias-Colino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8106-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darian","family":"Montes-Riesgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, 49022 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Casc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robleda Primary Care Center, 37521 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Nieto-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Armijo Primary Care Centre, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8340-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, 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Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baltasara","family":"Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miranda del Casta\u00f1ar Primary Care Centre, 37660 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candelas","family":"P\u00e9rez del Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Santolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Marta Primary Care Centre, 37900 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7743-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4486-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n 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