{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:31Z","timestamp":1792789711128,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Universities and Research","award":["CUP D93C22000890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D93C22000890001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Universities and Research","award":["CUP 13C22000720007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP 13C22000720007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CUP D93C22000890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D93C22000890001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CUP 13C22000720007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP 13C22000720007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG), encompassing both low and excessive, is a significant concern because of its association with adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The relationships between maternal lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and GWG, are complex. This study aims to explore these associations via correspondence analysis (CA), a method that visualizes the relationships between categorical variables. Methods: A CA was conducted using baseline data from the ongoing LIMIT (Lifestyle and Microbiome Interaction Early Adiposity Rebound in Children) prospective cohort study. The analysis included 162 subjects whose complete maternal characteristic data were available to explore associations between maternal features and GWG. Results: The results were visualized through a two-dimensional graphical representation, with the related statistical measures. The horizontal axis of the CA map captures 63.4% of the total inertia of the data, and the vertical axis captures 36.6%. Maternal profiles with lower education, smoking, high meat consumption, and prepregnancy overweight or obesity showed a higher prevalence of excess GWG than did the average profile. Compared with the average profile, medium Mediterranean diet adherence was associated with a greater prevalence of low GWG and underweight and obese mothers with adequate GWG. Conclusions: This study identifies maternal lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, as key determinants of GWG, with excess GWG linked to unhealthy behaviors. Tailored interventions focusing on prepregnancy BMI and dietary habits could optimize pregnancy outcomes. Personalized prenatal care is essential for managing GWG and improving maternal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:03:17Z","timestamp":1789632197000},"page":"3038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revealing Hidden Patterns: Harnessing Correspondence Analysis to Explore Maternal Lifestyle Profiles and Gestational Weight Gain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulubirhan Assefa","family":"Alemayohu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4138-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Loperfido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1429-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Cazzoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elisabetta","family":"Zanolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3792-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"El Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Cerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ghirardello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4697-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Maccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sottotetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3710-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Garofoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micol","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hellas","family":"Cena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of General Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachele","family":"De Giuseppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Hortelano, J.A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Alvarez-Bueno, C., Garrido-Miguel, M., Soriano-Cano, A., and Martinez-Vizcaino, V. 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