{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:31Z","timestamp":1792789711241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Community of Madrid","award":["Y2020\/BIO-6600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020\/BIO-6600"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040scgh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Y2020\/BIO-6600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020\/BIO-6600"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040scgh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP25\/00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP25\/00072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CP25\/00072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP25\/00072"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Novogene Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic inflammation accompanies obesity, but correlations of longitudinal changes during dietary follow-up remain unclear. We described inflammatory profiles and examined associations of baseline ferritin and body composition with changes during a 32-week energy-restricted Mediterranean-style intervention. Methods: This prospective cohort included 190 adults classified as healthy overweight (n = 49), long COVID with overweight (n = 108), or metabolic syndrome (MS) with overweight (n = 33); 61 healthy normal-weight participants without long COVID or metabolic syndrome contributed to baseline comparisons only. The program prescribed a 30% energy deficit using a Mediterranean-style food-exchange system. Anthropometric, biochemical, inflammatory, lifestyle, and hepatic markers were assessed. MANOVA and multivariable regression examined inflammatory profiles and ferritin-change correlates. Results: Participants with overweight\/obesity had a less favorable metabolic and inflammatory profile than normal-weight participants. Baseline ferritin was 100.5 (53.5\u2013178.5), 76.0 (34.0\u2013137.0), and 149.5 (102.0\u2013245.0) ng\/mL in the healthy overweight, long-COVID, and MS groups, respectively (omnibus p &lt; 0.001). Mean changes were 8.0 \u00b1 36.4, 3.3 \u00b1 32.6, and \u221222.0 \u00b1 58.8 ng\/mL, respectively (omnibus p = 0.039), with the MS group showing greater decreases. Sex and muscle mass were associated with the multivariate inflammatory profile (both p &lt; 0.001). Clinical group, baseline ferritin, muscle-mass change, MEDAS change, and Fatty Liver Index change were associated with ferritin change, although explanatory performance was limited (adjusted R2 = 0.16). Conclusions: Baseline ferritin and body composition were correlates of heterogeneous inflammatory-metabolic profiles and ferritin changes. These hypothesis-generating associations do not establish causal or mechanistic effects and require controlled confirmation with comprehensive iron-status assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:41:35Z","timestamp":1789645295000},"page":"3044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline Ferritin and Body Composition as Correlates of Longitudinal Metabolic Changes During an Energy-Restricted Mediterranean-Style Intervention Across Three Overweight Phlogistic-Related Clinical Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1317-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"de Cuevillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cuevas-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Higuera-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, 28670, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Moreno-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service of Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Health Sciences School and Medical Centre, International University of the Rioja (UNIR), 28224 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Mellor-Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service of Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Urbistondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service of Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Castej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service of Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1745-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"De Luis-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Alfredo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de la Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zubair, M., and Burns, B. (2026, March 14). Pathology, Inflammation, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30521241\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5177\/ntvt.2022.03.21138","article-title":"Inflammation and infection: Cellular and biochemical processes","volume":"129","author":"Zigterman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ned. Tijdschr. Voor Tandheelkd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00938-7","article-title":"Toward precision interventions and metrics of inflammaging","volume":"5","author":"Franceschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01502-8","article-title":"Inflammation and aging: Signaling pathways and intervention therapies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity","volume":"29","author":"Gregor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.006","article-title":"Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Bano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23280","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications","volume":"51","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chero-Sandoval, L., Mart\u00ednez-Urbistondo, M., Cuevas-Sierra, A., Higuera-G\u00f3mez, A., Martin-Domenech, E., Castej\u00f3n, R., Mellor-Pita, S., Moreno-Torres, V., Ramos-Lopez, O., and de Luis, D. (2024). Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome, Autoimmune and Viral Distinctive Inflammatory Related Conditions as Affected by Body Mass Index. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216298"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Evolution of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to previous metabolic status","volume":"38","author":"Urbistondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110450","article-title":"Modulatory role of Faecalibacterium on insulin resistance and coagulation in patients with post-viral long haulers depending on adiposity","volume":"27","author":"Vargas","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx031","article-title":"Hyperferritinemia and inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Kernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13838","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13838","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with obesity\/overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Aamir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00807-6","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the definition and classification of metabolic hyperferritinaemia","volume":"19","author":"Valenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randeni, N., Bordiga, M., and Xu, B. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of the Triangular Relationship among Diet-Gut Microbiota-Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179366"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03470-3","article-title":"What is the link between the dietary inflammatory index and the gut microbiome? A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.58","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and multiple health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials","volume":"72","author":"Dinu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrignani, V., Salvo, A., Pacinella, G., and Tuttolomondo, A. (2024). The Mediterranean Diet, Its Microbiome Connections, and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0461.v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx227","article-title":"Health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Metabolic and molecular mechanisms","volume":"73","author":"Tosti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1792826","article-title":"Nutrition and immune system: From the Mediterranean diet to dietary supplementary through the microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106304","article-title":"Dose-response effects of exercise and caloric restriction on visceral adiposity in overweight and obese adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Recchia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102388","article-title":"Effect of calorie restriction diet on levels of C-reactive protein in obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Kemalasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2025, November 25). COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: Managing the Long-Term Effects of COVID-19. NICE Guideline NG188. Published 18 December 2020; Updated 25 January 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng188."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001). Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA, 285, 2486\u20132497.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","article-title":"A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women","volume":"141","author":"Estruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103826","article-title":"Validation of two new scales for the assessment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: F-2-MS and FACIT-F","volume":"63","author":"Cuevas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Beusenberg, M., Orley, J., and World Health Organization (1994). A User\u2019s Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ), World Health Organization. WHO\/MNH\/PSF\/94.8."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"285","article-title":"Diagnostic scores and scales for appraising nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and omics perspectives for precision medicine","volume":"25","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedogni, G., Bellentani, S., Miglioli, L., Masutti, F., Passalacqua, M., Castiglione, A., and Tiribelli, C. (2006). The Fatty Liver Index: A simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-6-33"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1157\/13121076","article-title":"Interpretacion de los cuestionarios de salud SF-36 y SF-12 en Espana: Componentes fisico y mental","volume":"130","author":"Vilagut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2012.05.013","article-title":"Validacion en poblacion catalana del cuestionario internacional de actividad fisica","volume":"27","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, D., Khanna, S., Khanna, P., Kahar, P., and Patel, B.M. (2022). Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers. Cureus, 14.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22711"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103801","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk markers: A comparative analysis of waist circumference, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging techniques","volume":"35","author":"Ruano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100335","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: Risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management with natural approaches","volume":"3","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chait, A., and den Hartigh, L.J. (2020). Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00022"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf213","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet Reduces Inflammation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"84","author":"Keshani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"100015","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet as a metabolic strategy for healthy aging and non-communicable disease prevention","volume":"5","author":"Mohan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaglione, S., Di Chiara, T., Daidone, M., and Tuttolomondo, A. (2025). Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020358"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2013.11.007","article-title":"Serum Ferritin is Associated with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Decreased B-cell Function in Non-diabetic Men and Women","volume":"28","author":"Utzschneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Que, T., Zhou, Y., and Liu, Z. (2024). Dose\u2013response relationship of serum ferritin and dietary iron intake with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1437681"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podeanu, M.A., Vintilescu \u0218tef\u0103ni\u021ba, B., Sandu, R.E., Ionele, C.M., Niculescu, C.E., Florescu, M.M., \u0218elaru, E.L., and Stepan, M.D. (2025). Ferritin as an Inflammatory Marker in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Links to Obesity and Liver Ultrasound Alterations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083793"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769739","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/769739","article-title":"Serum Ferritin Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Red Meat Consumption","volume":"2015","author":"Felipe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2025.102126","article-title":"Extracellular RNA in iron-induced hepatic injury: Beyond TLR3 toward an integrated inflammatory axis","volume":"15","author":"Preissner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batty, M.J., Chabrier, G., Sheridan, A., and Gage, M.C. (2021). Metabolic Hormones Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184661"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70101","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.70101","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Impact of Obesity on Immunity","volume":"338","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., and Zhang, L. (2026). Chronic inflammation as a driving factor for sarcopenia: An update on pathophysiology and future therapeutic targets. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1733798"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:14:59Z","timestamp":1789791299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18183044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18183044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}