{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:59:47Z","timestamp":1789999187191,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adipose tissue expandability refers to the capacity of white adipose tissue to store excess energy safely while preserving metabolic homeostasis. This adaptive response takes place via both an increase in adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy). Healthy expansion requires coordinated angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and functional adipose stem and progenitor cells. Within this conceptual framework, when expandability is limited\u2014due to genetic factors, aging, or chronic overnutrition\u2014adipocyte hypertrophy predominates, which is hypothesized to trigger hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and fibrosis. These changes are proposed to form a physical and metabolic barrier that compromises further safe lipid storage, potentially driving the spillover of surplus lipids to ectopic sites: the liver (promoting steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance), skeletal muscle (intramyocellular lipid accumulation and impaired glucose uptake), and pancreas (\u03b2-cell dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion). Lipotoxic intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides activate protein kinase C isoforms and may impair insulin receptor signaling, thereby contributing to systemic insulin resistance. The clinical correlate is a spectrum of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the determinants of adipose tissue expandability\u2014from adipose stem cell function and angiogenesis to fibrosis and immune cell infiltration\u2014provides a framework for identifying individuals at risk despite normal body weight and for developing targeted therapies that restore healthy adipose tissue expansion. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze how nutritional factors shape adipose tissue expandability and how limitations in expandability drive obesity-related metabolic disease. To this end, we leverage bariatric surgery as a physiological model illustrating how weight loss reduces lipid overflow while intrinsic adipose tissue expandability may remain incompletely restored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:50:03Z","timestamp":1789995003000},"page":"3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adipose Tissue Expandability as a Link Between Nutrition and Obesity-Related Metabolic Risk: Insights from Bariatric Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence Ecosystems, Implementation Science, and Decision-Making (CIDES), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4234-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence Ecosystems, Implementation Science, and Decision-Making (CIDES), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Jima Gavilanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 0901952, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Abano Terme Policlinic, 35031 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pilone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Parrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endotypes in Oncology, Metabolism and Immunology (IEOMI), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5445-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5993-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cobellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of General Surgery, Casa Di Cura \u201cProf. Dott. Luigi Cobellis\u201d, 84078 Vallo della Lucania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Simancas-Racines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence Ecosystems, Implementation Science, and Decision-Making (CIDES), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Bienestar Humano, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica, Ambato 180150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Schiavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abad-Jim\u00e9nez, Z., and Vezza, T. (2025). Obesity: A Global Health Challenge Demanding Urgent Action. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020502"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuchiya, K., and Tsutsumi, T. (2025). Beyond the BMI Paradox: Unraveling the Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Metabolic Health in Obesity. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091278"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700005-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: Adipocyte Biology. Adipose tissue function and plasticity orchestrate nutritional adaptation","volume":"48","author":"Sethi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bnaa004","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa004","article-title":"Metabolically Healthy Obesity","volume":"41","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1922-7052","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Impact on Metabolic Changes?","volume":"54","author":"Morais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-03706-w","article-title":"The Role of the Nutritionist in a Multidisciplinary Bariatric Surgery Team","volume":"29","author":"Schiavo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osorio-Conles, \u00d3., Vidal, J., and de Hollanda, A. (2021). Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue Biology. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235516"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5_7","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Function and Expandability as Determinants of Lipotoxicity and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"960","author":"Carobbio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, U. (2023). Adipose tissue expansion in obesity, health, and disease. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1188844"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00597-6","article-title":"Nutritional Strategies for Battling Obesity-Linked Liver Disease: The Role of Medical Nutritional Therapy in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Management","volume":"14","author":"Annunziata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.S., and Seo, Y.-K. (2020). Excess Accumulation of Lipid Impairs Insulin Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061949"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03364-y","article-title":"Pancreatic steatosis and metabolic pancreatic disease: A new entity?","volume":"18","author":"Caldart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakasis, P., Stachteas, P., Iliakis, P., Sidiropoulos, G., Grigoriou, K., Patoulias, D., Antoniadis, A.P., and Fragakis, N. (2026). Inflammation and Resolution in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010535"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feij\u00f3o-Band\u00edn, S., Arag\u00f3n-Herrera, A., Mora\u00f1a-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., Anido-Varela, L., Taraz\u00f3n, E., Rosell\u00f3-Llet\u00ed, E., Portol\u00e9s, M., Moscoso, I., Gualillo, O., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Juanatey, J.R. (2020). Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207711"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"47","article-title":"Are there healthy obese?","volume":"61","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2017.1402151","article-title":"Adiponectin-leptin ratio: A promising index to estimate adipose tissue dysfunction. Relation with obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00257.2017","article-title":"Adipose cell size: Importance in health and disease","volume":"315","author":"Stenkula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e560","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.560","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction in obesity: Mechanisms and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, Y.-Y., Han, Y.-X., Xu, S.-N., Jiang, H.-L., Wu, H.-X., Cai, J.-M., Li, L., Bu, Y.-H., Xiao, F., and Liang, H.-D. (2024). Adipose Tissue Plasticity: A Comprehensive Definition and Multidimensional Insight. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101223"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200291","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200291","article-title":"Adipose tissue in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Harvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-133058","article-title":"Adipocyte size predicts incidence of type 2 diabetes in women","volume":"24","author":"Mehlig","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henninger, A.M.J., Eliasson, B., Jenndahl, L.E., and Hammarstedt, A. (2014). Adipocyte Hypertrophy, Inflammation and Fibrosis Characterize Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Healthy, Non-Obese Subjects Predisposed to Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105262"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, Y.-M., Chook, C.-Y.-B., Yeung, H.-W., Leung, F.-P., and Wong, W.-T. (2023). A Wrong Fate Decision in Adipose Stem Cells upon Obesity. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040662"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-022-09848-3","article-title":"Angiogenesis in adipose tissue and obesity","volume":"25","author":"Corvera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-026-10449-6","article-title":"Senescent cells in systemic aging: SASP heterogeneity, immune escape, and endocrine modulation","volume":"27","author":"Churov","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, V., Sundaresan, A., and Shishodia, S. (2024). Overnutrition and Lipotoxicity: Impaired Efferocytosis and Chronic Inflammation as Precursors to Multifaceted Disease Pathogenesis. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13040241"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.948702","article-title":"C\/EBP\u03b1 induces adipogenesis through PPAR\u03b3: A unified pathway","volume":"16","author":"Rosen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112424","article-title":"CX3CR1hi macrophages sustain metabolic adaptation by relieving adipose-derived stem cell senescence in visceral adipose tissue","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-025-00063-4","article-title":"ECM formation and degradation during fibrosis, repair, and regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Leeming","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549412","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549412","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 in Physiological and Pathophysiological Angiogenesis: Applications and Therapies","volume":"2015","author":"Zimna","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes21096","article-title":"Healthy versus Unhealthy Adipose Tissue Expansion: The Role of Exercise","volume":"31","author":"Meister","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970145","article-title":"Depot-Specific Differences and Insufficient Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Angiogenesis in Human Obesity","volume":"123","author":"Gealekman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G.A., Beguinot, F., and Miele, C. (2019). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092358"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral-Pacheco, G.A., Garza-Veloz, I., Castruita-De la Rosa, C., Ramirez-Acu\u00f1a, J.M., Perez-Romero, B.A., Guerrero-Rodriguez, J.F., Martinez-Avila, N., and Martinez-Fierro, M.L. (2020). The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249739"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeBari, M.K., and Abbott, R.D. (2020). Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Models, and Importance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176030"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","article-title":"Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: A position statement","volume":"7","author":"Neeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3933-4","article-title":"Adipose tissue plasticity: How fat depots respond differently to pathophysiological cues","volume":"59","author":"Pellegrinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2026.101532","article-title":"Rethinking Obesity Through the Lens of Lipid Spillover","volume":"11","author":"Khanna","year":"2026","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.0644","article-title":"Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"49","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102212","article-title":"Muscle very long-chain ceramides associate with insulin resistance independently of obesity","volume":"99","author":"Madsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S397643","article-title":"Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Associations of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease","volume":"17","author":"Pagkali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipke, K., Kubis-Kubiak, A., and Piwowar, A. (2022). Molecular Mechanism of Lipotoxicity as an Interesting Aspect in the Development of Pathological States\u2014Current View of Knowledge. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050844"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01286-8","article-title":"Diacylglycerol-evoked activation of PKC and PKD isoforms in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism: A review","volume":"19","author":"Kolczynska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G., Lee, J., Ha, J., Kang, I., and Choe, W. (2023). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Impact on Adipogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms Implicated. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245082"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00978-0","article-title":"Obesity causes mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in white adipocytes due to RalA activation","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102353","article-title":"Remission of obesity and insulin resistance is not sufficient to restore mitochondrial homeostasis in visceral adipose tissue","volume":"54","author":"Kulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98819-7","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms involving diacylglycerol, ceramides, and inflammation underlie insulin resistance in oxidative and glycolytic muscles from high fat-fed rats","volume":"11","author":"Jani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macklin, M., Thompson, C., Kawano-Dourado, L., Bauer Ventura, I., Weschenfelder, C., Trostchansky, A., Marcadenti, A., and Tighe, R.M. (2023). Linking Adiposity to Interstitial Lung Disease: The Role of the Dysfunctional Adipocyte and Inflammation. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12182206"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1466","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1074","article-title":"Adipocyte Size Threshold Matters: Link with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Improved Insulin Resistance After Gastric Bypass","volume":"99","author":"Cotillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2015.1041582","article-title":"Adipocyte size as a determinant of metabolic disease and adipose tissue dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Laforest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Li, H., Huan, Y., Zhou, T., Zhang, J., Fang, R., Sun, Y., A, L., and Xu, W. (2025). Adipose tissue: An inflammatory organ that can not be ignored in periodontal disease related to obesity. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1698207"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkrinia, E.M.M., and Belan\u010di\u0107, A. (2025). The Mechanisms of Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and Potential Therapeutic Strategies: A Narrative Review. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47050357"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.04.008","article-title":"Adipokines in obesity and metabolic-related-diseases","volume":"212","author":"Pestel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.-H., Kim, J.-H., Gim, J.-A., and Lee, M.-Y. (2025). INOS in Macrophage Polarization: Pharmacological and Regulatory Insights. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412056"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dousdampanis, P., Aggeletopoulou, I., and Mouzaki, A. (2025). The role of M1\/M2 macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease and related pathologies. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1534823"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20194076","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20194076","article-title":"Adipose stem cells in obesity: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes24030","article-title":"Dynamic Roles and Expanding Diversity of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity","volume":"33","author":"Soedono","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319060012","article-title":"Mast Cell Chymase and Tryptase as Targets for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altamura, S., Lombardi, F., Palumbo, P., Cinque, B., Ferri, C., Del Pinto, R., and Pietropaoli, D. (2024). The Evolving Role of Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Obesity and Related Diseases: Recent Insights and Advances. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413633"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, J.A., Basil, B., Mba, I.N., Abubakar, N.D., Lawal, A.O., Momoh, J.A., and Yahaya, I.A. (2025). Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for cardiovascular risk prediction in Nigerian patients. BMC Endocr. Disord., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01930-3"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatterale, F., Longo, M., Naderi, J., Raciti, G.A., Desiderio, A., Miele, C., and Beguinot, F. (2020). Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2023.tb00254.x","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Fibrosis in Adipose Tissue: Overview and Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, I., Pet\u00e4ist\u00f6, T., Mirzarazi Dahagi, E., Mahmoodi, M., Pihlajaniemi, T., Kaartinen, M.T., and Heljasvaara, R. (2023). Collagens Regulating Adipose Tissue Formation and Functions. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051412"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155759","article-title":"Markers of adipose tissue fibrogenesis associate with clinically significant liver fibrosis and are unchanged by synbiotic treatment in patients with NAFLD","volume":"151","author":"Bilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Gong, M., Zhu, X., Luo, Y., Li, R., Meng, H., and Wang, Y. (2025). Correlation between liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance indicators: A cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017\u20132020. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1514093"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13691","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13691","article-title":"MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Lei, K., Liu, Y., Liu, J., Wei, K., Guo, J., and Su, Z. (2025). Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From a Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Perspective. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070990"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.006","article-title":"Hepatic selective insulin resistance at the intersection of insulin signaling and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0318","article-title":"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis during Aging","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31419","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31419","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case of glucolipotoxicity in skeletal muscle","volume":"239","author":"Sammut","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, Z., Zhao, M., Nie, Y., Liu, P., Zhu, Y., and Zhang, X. (2019). Skeletal Muscle Lipid Droplets and the Athlete\u2019s Paradox. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030249"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberhauser, L., and Maechler, P. (2021). Lipid-Induced Adaptations of the Pancreatic Beta-Cell to Glucotoxic Conditions Sustain Insulin Secretion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010324"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sequeira, I.R., Yip, W., Lu, L.W., Jiang, Y., Murphy, R., Plank, L.D., Cooper, G.J.S., Peters, C.N., Aribsala, B.S., and Hollingsworth, K.G. (2022). Exploring the relationship between pancreatic fat and insulin secretion in overweight or obese women without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A preliminary investigation of the TOFI_Asia cohort. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279085"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210127","article-title":"Lipotoxicity: A driver of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?","volume":"135","author":"Leggat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2725","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist and association with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Ren, X., Jiang, M., and Han, L. (2022). Association between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and cardiovascular disease: A cohort study and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.940168"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2280","article-title":"Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue: A Protective Fat Depot?","volume":"32","author":"Porter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051560","article-title":"Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts Type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance","volume":"43","author":"Weyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.371","article-title":"The Size of Large Adipose Cells Is a Predictor of Insulin Resistance in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13040","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13040","article-title":"The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Bray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0761","article-title":"Effect of 8 Weeks of Overfeeding on Ectopic Fat Deposition and Insulin Sensitivity: Testing the \u201cAdipose Tissue Expandability\u201d Hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Johannsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129191","article-title":"Contribution of adipogenesis to healthy adipose tissue expansion in obesity","volume":"129","author":"Vishvanath","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20230586","article-title":"Aetiology of Type 2 diabetes in people with a \u2018normal\u2019 body mass index: Testing the personal fat threshold hypothesis","volume":"137","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno4010006","article-title":"Exploring the Interplay between Fatty Acids, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Nicholas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22396-2","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on adipose tissue: Histological, metabolic, and gene expression analyses in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Seymen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.005","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids Activate Ciliary FFAR4 to Control Adipogenesis","volume":"179","author":"Hilgendorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravaut, G., L\u00e9giot, A., Bergeron, K.-F., and Mounier, C. (2020). Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity-Related Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010330"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerab, D., Blangero, F., da Costa, P.C.T., de Brito Alves, J.L., Kefi, R., Jamoussi, H., Morio, B., and Eljaafari, A. (2025). Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Obesity and Related Metabolic and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071253"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S250699","article-title":"Anti-Lipolysis Induced by Insulin in Diverse Pathophysiologic Conditions of Adipose Tissue","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E653","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00620.2020","article-title":"100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin perspective: Insulin and adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism","volume":"320","author":"Carpentier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00312","article-title":"Combined Hyperglycemia- and Hyperinsulinemia-Induced Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes Is Associated with Dual Signaling Defects Mediated by PKC-\u03b6","volume":"159","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20257727","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): Functional analysis of glucose and fructose metabolism pathways","volume":"139","author":"Rabbani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571686","DOI":"10.1155\/jnme\/5571686","article-title":"Mindful Eating: A Deep Insight into Fructose Metabolism and Its Effects on Appetite Regulation and Brain Function","volume":"2025","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edazcouder, A., Romero-Nava, R., Carb\u00f3, R., S\u00e1nchez-Lozada, L.G., and S\u00e1nchez-Mu\u00f1oz, F. (2019). High Fructose Intake and Adipogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112787"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02493-4","article-title":"mTOR signaling networks: Mechanistic insights and translational frontiers in disease therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melnik, B.C., Weiskirchen, R., John, S.M., Stremmel, W., Leitzmann, C., Weiskirchen, S., and Schmitz, G. (2025). White Adipocyte Stem Cell Expansion Through Infant Formula Feeding: New Insights into Epigenetic Programming Explaining the Early Protein Hypothesis of Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104493"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruszy\u0144ska-Oszma\u0142ek, E., Wojciechowska, M., Sassek, M., Krauss, H., Leciejewska, N., Szczepankiewicz, D., \u015al\u00f3sarz, P., Nogowski, L., and Ko\u0142odziejski, P.A. (2021). The Long-Term Effects of High-Fat and High-Protein Diets on the Metabolic and Endocrine Activity of Adipocytes in Rats. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10040339"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02518-y","article-title":"Similar dietary regulation of IGF-1- and IGF-binding proteins by animal and plant protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Markova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.04.010","article-title":"Overfeeding polyunsaturated fat compared with saturated fat does not differentially influence lean tissue accumulation in individuals with overweight: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Rosqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, P., Liu, X., Jia, W., Zheng, W., Wan, X., Chen, W., Li, Y., Lan, X., Li, H., and Tong, W. (Fundam. Res., 2026). Dietary supplementation with fish oil, genetic risk, and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, Fundam. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2026.03.017"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01179-2","article-title":"Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: Energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models","volume":"76","author":"Ludwig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz082","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: The importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity","volume":"78","author":"Sievenpiper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlachos, D., Malisova, S., Lindberg, F.A., and Karaniki, G. (2020). Glycemic Index (GI) or Glycemic Load (GL) and Dietary Interventions for Optimizing Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Patients with T2 Diabetes: A Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061561"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.09.025","article-title":"Evidence for the protein leverage hypothesis in preschool children prone to obesity","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temple, N. (2022). The Origins of the Obesity Epidemic in the USA\u2013Lessons for Today. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204253"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2020.14.6.553","article-title":"Vitamin D regulation of adipogenesis and adipose tissue functions","volume":"14","author":"Nimitphong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.111109","article-title":"Adipocyte-specific deletion of zinc finger protein 407 results in lipodystrophy and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"521","author":"Charrier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00709-1","article-title":"Zinc and Adipose Organ Dysfunction: Molecular Insights into Obesity and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Bahadoran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07691-4","article-title":"Nutrition and longevity\u2014Diet in centenarians","volume":"24","author":"Annunziata","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Su, Z., and Wang, S. (2024). The anti-obesity effects of polyphenols: A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms and signal pathways in regulating adipocytes. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1393575"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.23-00020","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits TGF-\u03b21\u2013induced fibrotic effects in human pterygium fibroblasts","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Flores, E., Gonz\u00e1lez, N., and Simancas-Racines, D. (2025). Redefining Chemoresistance: Natural Bioactives as Molecular Modulators at the Cancer\u2013Tumor Microenvironment Interface. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168037"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393270","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Yang, G., Liu, P., Jiang, X., and Xin, Y. (2022). Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by microbial-derived metabolites. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1031498"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2026.2632894","article-title":"The synergistic regulation of fat reduction mechanism by tea polyphenols through the gut-microbial-brain axis and gut-liver axis","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00100-0","article-title":"From gut microbiota dysfunction to obesity: Could short-chain fatty acids stop this dangerous course?","volume":"18","author":"Barrea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza, I., Mohamed, A., Deen, H., Balaji, S., Elsabbahi, D., Munasser, A., Naquiallah, D., Abdulbaseer, U., Hassan, C., and Masrur, M. (2022). Obesity-Associated Vitamin D Deficiency Correlates with Adipose Tissue DNA Hypomethylation, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214377"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.20.03161-2","article-title":"Vitamin D3 deficiency is associated with more severe insulin resistance and metformin use in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Aludwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.20.03299-X","article-title":"Vitamin D in obesity and obesity-related diseases: An overview","volume":"46","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"e90604","article-title":"Role of Serum Magnesium Deficiency in Insulin Resistance Among Overweight and Obese Children: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000532","article-title":"Correcting micronutrient deficiencies before sleeve gastrectomy may be useful in preventing early postoperative micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"89","author":"Schiavo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510951","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2025.2510951","article-title":"Oesophageal adenocarcinoma, obesity, and cancer: The role of nutrition in prevention and management","volume":"36","author":"Carella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01837-y","article-title":"Unraveling the complexities of diet induced obesity and glucolipid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-022-00481-1","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Obesity-related Disorders: What is the Evidence?","volume":"11","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrea, L., Fabbrocini, G., Annunziata, G., Muscogiuri, G., Donnarumma, M., Marasca, C., Colao, A., and Savastano, S. (2018). Role of Nutrition and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in the Multidisciplinary Approach of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Its Association with Severity of Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010057"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, H., Zelicha, H., Yaskolka Meir, A., Rinott, E., Tsaban, G., Kaplan, A., Chassidim, Y., Gepner, Y., Bl\u00fcher, M., and Ceglarek, U. (2025). Visceral adipose tissue area and proportion provide distinct reflections of cardiometabolic outcomes in weight loss; pooled analysis of MRI-assessed CENTRAL and DIRECT PLUS dietary randomized controlled trials. BMC Med., 23, Correction in BMC Med.\u00a02025, 23, 92.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03891-9"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.31","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat loss is greater than visceral fat loss with diet and exercise, weight-loss promoting drugs and bariatric surgery: A critical review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Merlotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0148-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of weight regain after weight loss\u2014The role of adipose tissue","volume":"15","author":"Mariman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Latent Inflammation and Defect in Adipocyte Renewal as a Mechanism of Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance","volume":"84","author":"Vorotnikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckel-Mahan, K., Ribas Latre, A., and Kolonin, M.G. (2020). Adipose Stromal Cell Expansion and Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Consequences. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040863"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i2.138","article-title":"Bariatric surgery in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014From pathophysiology to clinical effects","volume":"11","author":"Laursen","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2024.05.008","article-title":"How does bariatric surgery remodel adipose tissue?","volume":"85","author":"Lecoutre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, G., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Gao, K., Zhao, Q., and Xu, X. (2019). Long-term outcomes of macrovascular diseases and metabolic indicators of bariatric surgery for severe obesity type 2 diabetes patients with a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224828"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14231","article-title":"Association of Metabolic Surgery with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity","volume":"322","author":"Aminian","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12708","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12708","article-title":"Mechanisms for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery","volume":"31","author":"Sandoval","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.17476\/jmbs.2025.14.1.32","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery Reduces Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Fernandes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Metab. Bariatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104211","article-title":"Analysis of hepatic markers and lipid profile of patients submitted to gastric by-pass after 2 years\u2014Cohort retrospective","volume":"81","author":"Pedron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"e18118","article-title":"Correlation of Bariatric Surgery Effect on Lipid Profile Among Obese Patients","volume":"13","author":"Zaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"372","article-title":"Medium\/long term evaluation of lipid profile after bariatric surgery (gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy)","volume":"68","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed)"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04482-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular Benefits and Lipid Profile Changes 5 Years After Bariatric Surgery: A Comparative Study Between Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass","volume":"24","author":"Voglino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.126","article-title":"Ectopic fat storage in the pancreas using 1H-MRS: Importance of diabetic status and modulation with bariatric surgery-induced weight loss","volume":"39","author":"Gaborit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, J.A.M.J.L. (2026). Hypothesis: Nutrient Off-Loading and Ectopic Fat Reduction Reverse Insulin Resistance and Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes\u2014A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052150"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conley, S.M., Hickson, L.J., Kellogg, T.A., McKenzie, T., Heimbach, J.K., Taner, T., Tang, H., Jordan, K.L., Saadiq, I.M., and Woollard, J.R. (2020). Human Obesity Induces Dysfunction and Early Senescence in Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal\/Stem Cells. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00197"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00320-4","article-title":"Age-associated telomere attrition in adipocyte progenitors predisposes to metabolic disease","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13066","article-title":"Long-term changes in adipose tissue gene expression following bariatric surgery","volume":"288","author":"Kerr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212255","DOI":"10.1155\/sci\/1212255","article-title":"Effects of Bariatric Surgery-Related Weight Loss on the Characteristics, Metabolism, and Immunomodulation of Adipose Stromal\/Stem Cells in a Follow-Up Study","volume":"2025","author":"Adnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2025.363","article-title":"From bench to bedside: Adipose tissue fibrosis in obesity, anti-diabetic therapies, and bariatric surgery","volume":"41","author":"Seo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166454","article-title":"Obesity induces adipose fibrosis and collagen cross-linking through suppressing AMPK and enhancing lysyl oxidase expression","volume":"1868","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Zhu, Y., and Wan, D. (2025). Exercise and tissue fibrosis: Recent advances in therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1557797"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simancas-Racines, D., Parise-Vasco, J.M., Angamarca-Iguago, J., Cuzco-Macias, A.C., Soria, C., Tramontano, S., Rossetti, G., Cobellis, F., Cobellis, L., and Pilone, V. (2025). Effects of Preoperative Exercise Interventions in Patients Undergoing Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176170"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simancas-Racines, D., Frias-Toral, E., Campuzano-Donoso, M., Ramos-Sarmiento, D., Zambrano-Villacres, R., Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., and Schiavo, L. (2025). Preoperative Nutrition in Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review on Enhancing Surgical Success and Patient Outcomes. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030566"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledoux, S., Boulet, N., Belles, C., Zakaroff-Girard, A., Bernard, A., Germain, A., Decaunes, P., Briot, A., Galitzky, J., and Bouloumi\u00e9, A. (2022). Subcutaneous Stromal Cells and Visceral Adipocyte Size Are Determinants of Metabolic Flexibility in Obesity and in Response to Weight Loss Surgery. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223540"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2023.100528","article-title":"Weight regain after bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"45","author":"Reis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2024.2353065","article-title":"Understanding consumer food choices & promotion of healthy and sustainable Mediterranean diet and lifestyle in children and adolescents through behavioural change actions: The DELICIOUS project","volume":"75","author":"Grosso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"81","article-title":"Associates of adherence to the Mediterranean diet among Lebanese adults: A cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Obeid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"244","article-title":"The effect of healthy eating attitude and eating behavior on diet quality in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Temiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-024-07282-6","article-title":"Impact of Recurrent Weight Gain Thresholds on Comorbid Conditions Progression Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy","volume":"34","author":"Chin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S.Y., and Chien, Y.-W. (2024). Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid\/Saturated Fatty Acid Ratio and Different Amounts of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12091980"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-026-00688-6","article-title":"Personalized Medical Nutrition Therapy and Physical Exercise: The Future of Diabesity Care","volume":"15","author":"Verde","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frias-Toral, E., Chapela, S., Gonzalez, V., Martinuzzi, A., Locatelli, J., Llobera, N., Manrique, E., Sarno, G., Mingo, M., and Marchese, F. (2025). Optimizing Nutritional Management Before and After Bariatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Guide for Sustained Weight Loss and Metabolic Health. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040688"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.21215\/kjfp.2025.15.4.202","article-title":"Weight Recurrence after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Risk Factors and Management Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.0097","article-title":"Beyond Body Mass Index: New Criteria for a Holistic Approach to Clinical Obesity","volume":"49","author":"Sung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf314","article-title":"Clinical staging to guide management of metabolic disorders and their sequelae: A European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"46","author":"Romeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09830-4","article-title":"Metabolic phenotyping in people living with obesity: Implications for dietary prevention","volume":"24","author":"Blaak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619234","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2026.2619234","article-title":"Plant-based diets and functional foods in mitigating obesity-related cancer risks","volume":"37","author":"Demirel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.20.03212-5","article-title":"Nutrition knowledge is associated with greater weight loss in obese patients following a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program","volume":"46","author":"Gilardini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70776","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70776","article-title":"Obesity-Induced Loss of Function of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Linked to Cellular Stress and Irreversible at Advanced Stages","volume":"29","author":"Polat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.21.07207-4","article-title":"The clock diet: A practical nutritional guide to manage obesity through chrononutrition","volume":"113","author":"Barrea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines2040034","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity for Successful Aging: An Update for Nutritionists and Endocrinologists","volume":"2","author":"Chapela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab013","article-title":"Perspective: The Saturated Fat\u2013Unsaturated Oil Dilemma: Relations of Dietary Fatty Acids and Serum Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"12","author":"Lawrence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29106","article-title":"Whole- and refined-grain intakes are differentially associated with abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in healthy adults: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"92","author":"McKeown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayer, R., Chui, T.K., Fowler, L., Ellison, K., Coleman, C., Jonnalagadda, S., Friedman, J., Roberts, S., Hill, J., and Das, S.K. (2025). Higher Protein Intakes Predict Leaner Body Composition in Weight-Loss Participants\u2014Findings from the International Weight Control Registry. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7915933\/v1"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13613","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13613","article-title":"Can dietary proteins selectively reduce either the visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissues?","volume":"24","author":"Nilaweera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28133","article-title":"Inverse relation between dietary fiber intake and visceral adiposity in overweight Latino youth","volume":"90","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filardi, T., Sabato, C., Lubrano, C., Santangelo, C., Morano, S., Lenzi, A., Migliaccio, S., Ferretti, E., and Catanzaro, G. (2020). MicroRNA Modulation by Dietary Supplements in Obesity. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8120545"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azevedo-Martins, A.K., Santos, M.P., Abayomi, J., Ferreira, N.J.R., and Evangelista, F.S. (2024). The Impact of Excessive Fructose Intake on Adipose Tissue and the Development of Childhood Obesity. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16070939"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00801-w","article-title":"\u03a9-3PUFA supplementation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in subjects with obesity: A potential role for apolipoprotein E","volume":"45","author":"Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.10.023","article-title":"Dynamic remodeling of white adipose tissue by intermittent fasting","volume":"34","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sousa Neto, I.V., Durigan, J.L.Q., da Silva, A.S.R., and de C\u00e1ssia Marqueti, R. (2022). Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Response to Dietary Patterns and Exercise: Molecular Landscape, Mechanistic Insights, and Therapeutic Approaches. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050765"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsso, C.E., Colin-Ramirez, E., Field, C.J., Madsen, K.L., Prado, C.M., and Haqq, A.M. (2020). Adipose Tissue Development and Expansion from the Womb to Adolescence: An Overview. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092735"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2023.2240037","article-title":"Low-no-calorie sweeteners exert marked compound-specific impact on the human gut microbiota ex vivo","volume":"74","author":"Poppe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-020-05133-8","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing the Impact of a Low-Calorie Ketogenic vs a Standard Low-Calorie Diet on Fat-Free Mass in Patients Receiving an ElipseTM Intragastric Balloon Treatment","volume":"31","author":"Schiavo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab018","article-title":"Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships with Metabolic Dysregulations","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, A., Saran, S., Choudhary, P., Sharma, B., Gupta, S., Mandia, R., Banshiwal, R.C., Lamoria, R.K., Dhakad, A., and Raj, U. (2025). Adipose tissue quantity, distribution and pathology and its relationship with type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance and other clustering disease risk in South Asians: A cross-sectional study. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1622732"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1356","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab897","article-title":"Fibrogenesis Marker PRO-C3 Is Higher in Advanced Liver Fibrosis and Improves in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery","volume":"107","author":"Nori","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A.d.F., Morais, N.d.S.d., Azevedo, F.M., Morais, D.d.C., Pereira, P.F., Peluzio, M.d.C.G., Franceschini, S.d.C.C., and Priore, S.E. (2025). Leptin, CRP, and adiponectin correlate with body fat percentage in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1560080"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaurasia, B., Talbot, C.L., and Summers, S.A. (2020). Adipocyte Ceramides\u2014The Nexus of Inflammation and Metabolic Disease. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.576347"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.438","article-title":"Comparison of gene expression profile between blood cells and white adipose tissue of patients with obesity","volume":"34","author":"Pinhel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031","article-title":"21st Century Advances in Multimodality Imaging of Obesity for Care of the Cardiovascular Patient","volume":"14","author":"Neeland","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70127-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue prone to lose their stemness associated markers in obesity related stress conditions","volume":"14","author":"Acar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1261","article-title":"The Multiscale Heterogeneity of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Huang, J., Qin, S., Peng, C., and Li, D. (2026). Flexible adipocytes guided nano-anchoring medicine: A precision therapeutic strategy for obesity. J. Pharm. Anal., 101666.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2026.101666"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44403-024-00006-9","article-title":"Inhibited adipogenesis and low-grade inflammation enhance adipocyte hypertrophy in aging adipose tissue","volume":"1","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00346-2","article-title":"Genome-wide discovery of genetic loci that uncouple excess adiposity from its comorbidities","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.70070","article-title":"Genetics of Common Obesity in Children and Adolescents","volume":"1553","author":"Alavez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-025-00790-9","article-title":"Nutrigenomics meets multi-omics: Integrating genetic, metabolic, and microbiome data for personalized nutrition strategies","volume":"20","author":"Nourazarain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.02.008","article-title":"Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue Function","volume":"49","author":"Gavin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, C., Song, X., Wang, H., Yan, Y., and Liu, B. (2022). The role of exercise-induced myokines in promoting angiogenesis. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.981577"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11076-w","article-title":"Effects of resistance training and aerobic training on improving the composition of middle-aged adults with obesity in an interventional study","volume":"15","author":"Hang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0554","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.2025.40.S1.0554","article-title":"Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery to Integrin alpha 7 Adipose Stromal Cells to Modulate Pro-Fibrotic and Pro-Inflammatory Adipose Tissue Microenvironment in Obesity","volume":"40","author":"Mota","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51571-8","article-title":"RNA nanotherapeutics with fibrosis overexpression and retention for MASH treatment","volume":"15","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54080-w","article-title":"The dual GLP-1\/glucagon receptor agonist G49 mimics bariatric surgery effects by inducing metabolic rewiring and inter-organ crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Valdecantos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McVicker, B.L., and Bennett, R.G. (2017). Novel Anti-fibrotic Therapies. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00318"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.75","article-title":"Targeting adipose tissue in the treatment of obesity-associated diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Kusminski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24253","article-title":"Loss of lysyl oxidase in adipose tissue ameliorates metabolic inflexibility induced by high-fat diet","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"181","article-title":"Betalains: The main bioactive compounds of Opuntia spp and their possible health benefits in the Mediterranean diet","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobczy\u0144ski, J., Nowaczy\u0144ski, F., Smoli\u0144ska, K., Lachowicz-Radulska, J., Serefko, A., and Szopa, A. (2026). Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting FABP4 in Adipogenesis and Obesity: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031306"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1789995640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18183075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18183075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}