{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1789999245068,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012905","name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022CXPT037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXPT037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012905","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002703","name":"Jiangsu University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5501290015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5501290015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["5501290015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5501290015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03jc41j30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of brown seaweed alginate, known as dietary bioactive components and used as health-beneficial nutrients. Unlike conventional prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides, AOS carry carboxyl groups and are negatively charged at physiological pH. This narrative review uses charge as an organizing framework for understanding their lipid-regulating effects. Neutral oligosaccharides act mainly through gut microbial fermentation, whereas charged oligosaccharides can also act on host cells directly, although charge and backbone structure cannot be fully separated in the available studies. The gut-dependent actions of AOS (microbiota modulation, short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid metabolism, and barrier protection) and the direct actions supported mainly by in vitro evidence or parenteral administration in animals, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and candidate receptor-mediated effects, are discussed, although the systemic exposure achievable after oral intake remains to be established. The beneficial functions of AOS depend on structural parameters such as degree of polymerization, M\/G ratio, and terminal unsaturation; the AOS product approved in China in 2026 is produced by acid hydrolysis, and its relationship to the more active unsaturated forms remains unresolved. Structurally defined AOS are to be developed for nutritional supplementation and as potential candidates for clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:50:03Z","timestamp":1789995003000},"page":"3093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alginate\u00a0Oligosaccharides in Lipid Metabolism: A Dual-Action Marine Prebiotic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6713-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruibo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanghua","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quancai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotherapeutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00165-0","article-title":"The Prevalence and Incidence of NAFLD Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Riazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71655","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71655","article-title":"Multi-Target Mechanisms of Whey Protein Against NAFLD: Integrating Bile Acid Metabolism, Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1581","article-title":"Extraction and Structural Analysis of Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharide with Low Molecular Weight and Its Lipid-lowering Effect on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, P., Shen, L., Niu, L., Tan, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Bai, L., Hao, X., and Li, X. (2020). Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176356"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117394","article-title":"Postbiotic Delivery via Alginate Encapsulation Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and SCFA-Mediated Immune Signaling","volume":"221","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06674","article-title":"D-Arabitol Ameliorates Obesity and Metabolic Disorders via the Gut Microbiota\u2013SCFAs\u2013WAT Browning Axis","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni, M.E., Asadpoor, M., Henricks, P.A.J., Keshavarzian, A., Folkerts, G., and Braber, S. (2022). Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214699"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119225","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides: The Structure-Function Relationships and the Directional Preparation for Application","volume":"284","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Chen, L., Dong, C., Tang, M., Wei, Y., Lv, D., Li, Q., and Chen, Z. (2025). Alginate Oligosaccharide and Gut Microbiota: Exploring the Key to Health. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121977"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01545-3","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Prevents Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats via MRC1-Mediated Pathway","volume":"46","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, X., and Li, F. (2023). An Exploration of Alginate Oligosaccharides Modulating Intestinal Inflammatory Networks via Gut Microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1072151"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02857A","article-title":"Unsaturated Alginate Oligosaccharides Attenuated Obesity-Related Metabolic Abnormalities by Modulating Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet Mice","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1039\/D6FO01790H","article-title":"Saturated Alginate Oligosaccharide as a New Functional Food: Preparation, Characterization and Alleviation of Cognitive Impairment through Pre-Intervention","volume":"17","author":"Lv","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2026, July 26). Announcement on 22 Substances of \u201cThree New Foods\u201d (No. 1, 2026), Available online: https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/sps\/c100088\/202602\/e40bebee31094d12aaad02043bf849a5.shtml."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00914-z","article-title":"Molecular Recognition and Activation Mechanism of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors FFAR2\/3","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137895","article-title":"Production, Effects, and Applications of Fructans with Various Molecular Weights","volume":"437","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70041","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.70041","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Health Benefits of Fructooligosaccharides","volume":"6","author":"Atta","year":"2025","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1953437","article-title":"Galacto-Oligosaccharides as Infant Prebiotics: Production, Application, Bioactive Activities and Future Perspectives","volume":"63","author":"Ambrogi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6179375","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6179375","article-title":"Xylooligosaccharide Production From Lignocellulosic Biomass and Their Health Benefits as Prebiotics","volume":"2024","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122248","article-title":"Sugarcane Bagasse Derived Xylooligosaccharides Produced by an Arabinofuranosidase\/Xylobiohydrolase from Bifidobacterium Longum in Synergism with Xylanases","volume":"339","author":"Capetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.120594","article-title":"The State-of-the-Art Preparation, Purification and Biological Activities of Mannan Oligosaccharides","volume":"225","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S., Berenjian, A., and Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, R., Somovilla, V.J., Chiodo, F., Bruijns, S., Pieters, R.J., Garssen, J., Van Kooyk, Y., Kraneveld, A.D., and Van Bergenhenegouwen, J. (2022). Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2\u2032-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Ligand Binding to C-Type Lectin DC-SIGN but Not to Langerin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.27.501236"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharide: Metabolism through Gut Microbiota and Prebiotic Effect","volume":"128","author":"Oku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.003","article-title":"Fiber-Mediated Nourishment of Gut Microbiota Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity by Restoring IL-22-Mediated Colonic Health","volume":"23","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.10.030","article-title":"The Effects of Inulin-Type Fructans on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"119","author":"Talukdar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.6.1572","article-title":"Chronic Consumption of Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides Does Not Affect Basal Hepatic Glucose Production or Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetics","volume":"130","author":"Luo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Bourgot, C., Capronnier, O., Graf, S., and Carton, T. (2025). Targeting Gut Microbiota with Short-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides Prebiotic Fibers to Support Metabolic Health in Overweight Prediabetic Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1718169"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10722-2","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) Increase Bifidobacterium but Reduce Butyrate Producing Bacteria with Adverse Glycemic Metabolism in Healthy Young Population","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01307-x","article-title":"Microbiota Responses to Different Prebiotics Are Conserved within Individuals and Associated with Habitual Fiber Intake","volume":"10","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04855A","article-title":"Dynamic Response of Different Types of Gut Microbiota to Fructooligosaccharides and Inulin","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Looijesteijn, E., Schoemaker, M.H., Van Den Belt, M., Hester, E.R., Kortman, G.A.M., Viskaal-van Dongen, M., and Nauta, A. (2024). A Double-Blind Intervention Trial in Healthy Women Demonstrates the Beneficial Impact on Bifidobacterium with Low Dosages of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1440319"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pritchard, M.F., Powell, L.C., Adams, J.Y.M., Menzies, G., Khan, S., T\u00f8ndervik, A., Sletta, H., Aarstad, O., Skj\u00e5k-Br\u00e6k, G., and McKenna, S. (2023). Structure\u2013Activity Relationships of Low Molecular Weight Alginate Oligosaccharide Therapy against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091366"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni, M.E., Asadpoor, M., Judernatz, J.H., Van Ark, I., W\u00f6sten, M.M.S.M., Strijbis, K., Pieters, R.J., Folkerts, G., and Braber, S. (2023). Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides Difficile Bacteria and Toxin. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15100586"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.111034","article-title":"Inter-Individual Variation in Human Microbiota Drives Differential Impacts on the Fermentability of Insoluble Bran by Soluble \u03b2-Glucans from Whole Barley","volume":"162","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01347.x","article-title":"Alginate Graft Copolymers and Alginate\u2013Co-Excipient Physical Mixture in Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"63","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c12136","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Balb\/c Mice: Mechanistic Insights","volume":"73","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.067","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Prevent and Treat Obesity by Promoting Brown Fat Thermogenesis Rather than Regulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.09.035","article-title":"The Interaction of Chitosan and Olive Oil: Effects of Degree of Deacetylation and Degree of Polymerization","volume":"92","author":"Dimzon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.11.2753","article-title":"Cholesterol Reduction by Glucomannan and Chitosan Is Mediated by Changes in Cholesterol Absorption and Bile Acid and Fat Excretion in Rats","volume":"130","author":"Gallaher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.067","article-title":"Chitooligosaccharides and Their Biological Activities: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"184","author":"Liaqat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.602051","article-title":"Chitooligosaccharides Decreases Plasma Lipid Levels in Healthy Men","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71369","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71369","article-title":"Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Overweight and Obese Thai Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Mayang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songkoomkrong, S., Nonkhwao, S., Saetan, J., Duangprom, S., Amonruttanapun, P., Janpan, P., Sobhon, P., and Kornthong, N. (2026). Chitosan Oligosaccharides Suppress Adipogenesis and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes via Multi-Pathway Transcriptomic Reprogramming. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114970"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Hao, B., Pang, D., Li, Q., Li, E., Yang, Q., Zou, Y., Liao, S., and Liu, F. (2022). Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11243973"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1636","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13361","article-title":"Influence of Hydrocolloids (Dietary Fibers) on Lipid Digestion of Protein-Stabilized Emulsions: Comparison of Neutral, Anionic, and Cationic Polysaccharides","volume":"81","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Li, M., Yuan, X., Fu, T., Lv, Y., and Shang, Q. (2025). Selective Utilization of Polyguluronate by the Human Gut Bacteroides Species. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23090348"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120806","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Structures Differentially Affect DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"312","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118158","article-title":"Alginate Derived Functional Oligosaccharides: Recent Developments, Barriers, and Future Outlooks","volume":"267","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118408","article-title":"Potential Applications of Alginate Oligosaccharides for Biomedicine\u2014A Mini Review","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123524","article-title":"Formation of Dimers Delayed Alginate Degradation in Fecal Microbiota Fermentation","volume":"358","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116389","article-title":"Egg-Box Model-Based Gelation of Alginate and Pectin: A Review","volume":"242","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117124","article-title":"Unsaturated Mannuronate Oligosaccharide Ameliorates \u0392-amyloid Pathology through Autophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Cell Models","volume":"251","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, M., Cao, Q., Wang, Y., Xiao, H., Zhao, J., Zhang, Q., Ji, A., and Song, S. (2020). Advances in Research on the Bioactivity of Alginate Oligosaccharides. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18030144"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01185-23","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01185-23","article-title":"Three Alginate Lyases Provide a New Gut Bacteroides Ovatus Isolate with the Ability to Grow on Alginate","volume":"89","author":"Tandrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00046-24","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00046-24","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Assimilation by Gut Microorganisms and the Potential Role in Gut Inflammation Alleviation","volume":"90","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122487","article-title":"A Chemo-Enzymatic Method for Preparation of Saturated Oligosaccharides from Alginate and Other Uronic Acid-Containing Polysaccharides","volume":"343","author":"Gravdahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118316","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Protects against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli-Induced Porcine Intestinal Barrier Injury","volume":"270","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.03.001","article-title":"Study on Quality Control of Sulfated Polysaccharide Drug, Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate (PSS)","volume":"144","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.09.059","article-title":"Anticoagulant and FGF\/FGFR Signal Activating Activities of the Heparinoid Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate and Its Oligosaccharides","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.069","article-title":"DMTMM-Mediated Amidation of Alginate Oligosaccharides Aimed at Modulating Their Interaction with Proteins","volume":"184","author":"Labre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wu, Y., Lv, Y., Shao, M., Lv, D., Li, Q., and Shang, Q. (2026). Fermentation of Structurally Defined Alginate Oligosaccharides by the Human Gut Microbiota Enriched in Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, or Blautia. Mar. Drugs, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/md24070239"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80270","article-title":"Detection and Pharmacokinetics of Alginate Oligosaccharides in Mouse Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration by a Liquid Chromatography\/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) Method","volume":"72","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105825","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Improve High-Fat Induced Hepatic Steatosis via PGC-1\u03b1-Mediated Lipophagy and Fatty Acid \u03b2-Oxidation Pathway","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"100868","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides and Glycolipid Metabolism: Correlation with Gut Microbiota Modulation in Mice and Clinical Feces","volume":"11","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.07.107","article-title":"Activated AMPK Explains Hypolipidemic Effects of Sulfated Low Molecular Weight Guluronate on HepG2 Cells","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.07.009","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Enhances LDL Uptake via Regulation of LDLR and PCSK9 Expression","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, J., Hao, C., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Zhou, X., Dun, Y., Li, H., Li, G., Zhao, X., and An, Y. (2015). OM2, a Novel Oligomannuronate-Chromium(III) Complex, Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Lipid Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK-PGC1\u03b1 Pathway. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131930"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2016.02.001","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of Enzymatically-Digested Alginate Oligomer in Mice Model Fed a High-Fat-Diet","volume":"7","author":"Nakazono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X.-Q., Zhu, Y.-R., Yang, Y.-Y., Qiu, S.-J., and Liu, W.-C. (2023). Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized with Alginate Oligosaccharides Alleviate Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage to Organs in Broilers through Activating Nrf2-Mediated Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Ferroptosis Pathways. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111973"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo, S., Covarrubias, A.A., Haeger, P., Pancetti, F., Tala, F., and de la Fuente-Ortega, E. (2024). Alginate Oligosaccharides Protect Gastric Epithelial Cells against Oxidative Stress Damage through Induction of the Nrf2 Pathway. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050618"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-03010-z","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Protects Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress Injury via Integrin-\u03b1\/FAK\/PI3K Signaling","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.95611","article-title":"Well-Defined Alginate Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Joint Pain and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Gouty Arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Guo, C., Li, Y., Han, X., Luo, X., Chen, L., Zhang, T., Wang, N., and Wang, W. (2022). Alginate Oligosaccharides Ameliorate DSS-Induced Colitis through Modulation of AMPK\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Intestinal Microbiota. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142864"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.12.001","article-title":"The Mannose Receptor: Linking Homeostasis and Immunity through Sugar Recognition","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.08.067","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Modulates Immune Response, Fat Metabolism, and the Gut Bacterial Community in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idellus)","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00028-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00028-22","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Testis Axis: FMT Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Diminished Male Fertility via Improving Systemic and Testicular Metabolome","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Lv, Y., Shao, M., Lv, D., Fu, Z., Guo, P., Li, Q., and Shang, Q. (2025). Fermentation of Alginate and Its Oligosaccharides by the Human Gut Microbiota: Structure-Property Relationships and New Findings Focusing on Bacteroides Xylanisolvens. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091424"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139581","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Relieve Estrogen-Deprived Osteosarcopenia by Affecting Intestinal Th17 Differentiation and Systemic Inflammation through the Manipulation of Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"295","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154806","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Alleviates Aging-Related Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Dysfunction by Blocking FGF1-Mediated TLR4\/NF-\u03baB P65 Pathway","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100412","article-title":"Unsaturated Alginate Oligosaccharides Alleviate Insulin Resistance and Fatty Liver in Non-Obese NAFLD Mice by Regulating Bile Acid Metabolism through Gut Microbiota","volume":"28","author":"Cha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab. Open"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00886-x","article-title":"Microbiota from Alginate Oligosaccharide-Dosed Mice Successfully Mitigated Small Intestinal Mucositis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)35728-X","article-title":"Role of Liver in the Maintenance of Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein Homeostasis in Different Animal Species, Including Humans","volume":"34","author":"Dietschy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02812C","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Ameliorates Azithromycin-Induced Gut Microbiota Disorder via Bacteroides Acidifaciens -FAHFAs and Bacteroides -TCA Cycle Axes","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10449-7","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide Improves Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation by Modulating Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Fed Mice","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.109980","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharides Improve Hepatic Metabolic Disturbance via Regulating the Gut Microbiota","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2026.111631","article-title":"Study on Biocontrol Efficacy of Debaryomyces Hansenii Induced with Alginate Oligosaccharides against Blue Mold Caused by Penicillium Expansum on Pear Fruit","volume":"450","author":"Edo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.2024.2406916","article-title":"Alginate Oligosaccharide-driven Resistance in Debaryomyces Hansenii Y3: A Dual Omics Perspective","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomin, V., and Mulloy, B. (2018). Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11010027"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3093\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:04:24Z","timestamp":1789995864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/18\/3093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18183093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18183093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}