{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:00:40Z","timestamp":1789999240181,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the acute effects of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on exercise capacity and performance in humans of any health and fitness status. Methods: We registered our systematic review with PROSPERO (CRD42018085308). Eligibility criteria included adult humans &gt; 18 years old at any health and fitness status undertaking any CHO mouth rinse prior and during of any type of acute exercise session. Results: We included 90 crossover design-controlled trials. We found improvements in distance covered (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.17; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.30, p = 0.02; \u03c42 = 0.00; I2 = 0%; Q(14) = 9.61, p &gt; 0.05), performance time (Hedges\u2019 g = \u22120.15; 95% CI \u22120.25 to \u22120.05, p &lt; 0.01; \u03c42 = 0.008; I2 = 9.3%; Q(34) = 76.48, p &lt; 0.01), speed performance (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.17; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.30, p &lt; 0.01; \u03c42 \u2248 0; I2 = 0%; Q(23) = 22.73, p &gt; 0.05), workload (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.25; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.41, p &lt; 0.01, \u03c42 = 0; I2 = 0%; (Q(9) = 7.37, p &gt; 0.05) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (Hedges\u2019 g = 0.18, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.34, p = 0.03; \u03c42 = 0; I2 = 0%; (Q(10) = 7.73, p &gt; 0.05). No effect of CHO mouth rinse on muscular endurance, maximum power output, or maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was found (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The available evidence suggests that CHO mouth rinse can produce a small, outcome-dependent ergogenic effect in distance covered, performance time and speed performance as well as small improvements in workload, with less robust evidence for MVC\u2014evidence that mainly applies to male participants. The practical importance of these findings is likely to vary according to the exercise context and competitive context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18183099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:50:03Z","timestamp":1789995003000},"page":"3099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Human Capacity and Performance\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 90 Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Constantine","family":"Zalagkitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Kraniotaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Simitzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Dallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1441-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Moustogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8086-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Chatzinikita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5633-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgos","family":"Paradisis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane","family":"Tenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou, 176 76 Kallithea, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Maridaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristeidis","family":"Veskoukis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Metsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastassios","family":"Philippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Chryssanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros C.","family":"Dinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 421 32 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.1.165","article-title":"Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate","volume":"61","author":"Coyle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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