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These studies have shown mixed results at best, and conclusions about the effectiveness of probiotics to these ends are limited by the variations across studies\u2019 probiotic formulation, dietary regimen, and clinical outcome markers. This leaves many encouraging future directions for further investigation into the potential beneficial role of probiotics on a pathophysiological and clinical level in Celiac disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:17:54Z","timestamp":1790065074000},"page":"3108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probiotics\u00a0in Celiac Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5319-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneeta","family":"Krishnareddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"391","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caio, G., Volta, U., Sapone, A., Leffler, D.A., De Giorgio, R., Catassi, C., and Fasano, A. 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