{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:10:23Z","timestamp":1790097023771,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ7\/01794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ7\/01794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ7\/01794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/NZ7\/01794"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The interplay between time-restricted eating (TRE), endurance exercise, mood, and tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has not been thoroughly examined. This study evaluated whether changes in psychological well-being co-occurred with changes in serum kynurenine metabolites during a combined TRE and exercise intervention and performed exploratory analyses of kynurenine metabolism. Methods: Seventy-one healthy adults participated in a 12-week endurance training program combined with a 10 h TRE window. Assessments included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Mood Adjective Checklist, body composition, inflammatory markers, and serum kynurenine profiling, conducted at baseline and post-intervention. The pre-specified analysis was performed in the entire cohort, whereas subsequent analyses stratified by age and changes in anxiety were conducted post hoc and should be considered exploratory. Results: The pre-specified analysis of the entire cohort did not reveal statistically significant or clinically meaningful changes in psychological well-being, kynurenine metabolites, or inflammatory biomarkers. In exploratory post hoc analyses, participants were stratified into older (OE-TRE) and younger (YE-TRE) groups. Both groups showed significantly lower body mass and BMI at the second measurement. In the OE-TRE group, serum anthranilic acid (AA) levels increased (\u0394 = +7.85 nmol\/L), while in the YE-TRE group, a decrease was observed (\u0394 = \u22122.62 nmol\/L). In a separate exploratory post hoc analysis, participants with complete psychological assessment data were stratified according to the direction of change in anxiety scores. Among these participants, 66.7% showed lower anxiety scores in the second measurement, and this anxiety-defined subgroup also showed lower serum 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) concentrations. This observation was confined to the exploratory subgroup analysis and should not be interpreted as a general reduction in 3-HK in the study cohort. The OE-TRE group also showed an increase in the xanthurenic acid (XANA) + picolinic acid (PA) to 3-HK ratio and a reduction in TNF-\u03b1. Notably, differences between groups in the 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA)\/3-HK and XANA + PA\/3-HK ratios observed at baseline were no longer present at the second measurement. In the exploratory subgroup of participants whose 3-HAA concentrations increased over time, soluble gp130 (sgp130) concentrations were lower at the second measurement. Conclusions: The pre-specified whole-cohort analysis did not demonstrate statistically significant or clinically meaningful changes in the primary psychological and biochemical outcomes. Exploratory post hoc analyses suggest that changes in psychological well-being and peripheral kynurenine metabolism may co-occur during a combined TRE and endurance exercise intervention. The observed decrease in 3-HK was restricted to an anxiety-defined exploratory subgroup and was not observed in the study cohort as a whole. These findings are associative and hypothesis-generating and do not establish an intervention effect or causality. The trial was registered as a clinical trial (NCT05229835, date of first registration: 8 February 2022).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1790083932000},"page":"3116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Mood and Tryptophan Metabolism Following a 12-Week Endurance Exercise Combined with Time-Restricted Eating in Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulana","family":"Juhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5943-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Budnik-Przybylska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 4, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"And\u017celika","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2364-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub Antoni","family":"Kortas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9944-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Reczkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27\/3, 61-871 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Prusik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6176-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Flis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-3283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Ga\u0142\u0119zowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Zychowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kaczorowska-Ha\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, WSB Merito University, 80-266 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7871-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"Antosiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics 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