{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:59:18Z","timestamp":1790312358277,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002649","name":"Yeungnam University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the 2026 Yeungnam University Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the 2026 Yeungnam University Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["the 2026 Yeungnam University Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the 2026 Yeungnam University Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05yc6p159","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Population aging is accelerating worldwide, and frailty has emerged as an important health concern among older adults. Although ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has been associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, evidence on its relationship with frailty among Korean older adults remains limited. This study examined the cross-sectional association between the proportion of total energy intake derived from UPFs and frailty among Korean adults aged 65 years or older. Methods: We analyzed data from 9861 adults aged \u226565 years who participated in the 2014\u20132019, 2022, and 2024 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles, in which the variables required to assess frailty were available. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall, and foods were classified according to the NOVA food classification system. Frailty was defined using a modified Fried frailty phenotype. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between UPF energy contribution and frailty, and restricted cubic spline models were used to evaluate the dose\u2013response relationship. Results: In the fully adjusted model, participants in the highest quartile of UPF energy contribution had 31% higher odds of frailty than those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08\u20131.59; p for trend = 0.002). Among the individual frailty components, participants in the highest quartile also had higher odds of low physical activity (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.13\u20131.51; p for trend = 0.001). Restricted cubic spline analysis showed no evidence of a nonlinear association between UPF energy contribution and frailty (p for nonlinearity = 0.8). Conclusions: Higher UPF consumption was positively associated with frailty among Korean older adults, particularly with low physical activity. These findings highlight the relevance of UPF consumption to frailty in an older population with relatively low levels of UPF intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:03:26Z","timestamp":1790172206000},"page":"3135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Frailty in Korean Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5382-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4681-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). UN Decade of Healthy Ageing: Plan of Action 2021\u20132030, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Statistics Korea (2026, July 01). Major Population Indicators (2022\u20132072). Available online: https:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1BPA002&language=en."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e157","article-title":"Trends in frailty prevalence among older adults in Korea: A nationwide study from 2008 to 2020","volume":"38","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.15656\/kjgg.2026.27.1.28","article-title":"Needs and Willingness to Pay for Social Care Services among Older Adults by Frailty Status","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Korean J. Geriatr. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"433","article-title":"Frailty syndrome: An overview","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112180","article-title":"Rationale of the association between Mediterranean diet and the risk of frailty in older adults and systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Dominguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0568-3","article-title":"Frailty and nutrition: Searching for evidence","volume":"19","author":"Bonnefoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16011","article-title":"Prospective associations of diet quality with incident frailty in older adults: The health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"67","author":"Hengeveld","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-022-00599-4","article-title":"From ultra-processed foods to ultra-processed dietary patterns","volume":"3","author":"Scrinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70096","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70096","article-title":"The Impact of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption on Frailty and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"38","author":"Kanbay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077310","article-title":"Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: Umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses","volume":"384","author":"Lane","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz140","article-title":"Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Incident Frailty: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Adults","volume":"75","author":"Graciani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Jin, Y., Bandinelli, S., Ferrucci, L., Tanaka, T., and Talegawkar, S.A. (2025). Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Frequency and Frailty: Findings from the InCHIANTI Study of Aging. Geriatrics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10050123"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.05.006","article-title":"Ultraprocessed foods, unprocessed or minimally processed foods, and risk of frailty in a cohort of United States females","volume":"120","author":"Fung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1824-6","article-title":"Association between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Frailty in American Elder People: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"26","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clayton-Chubb, D., Vaughan, N.V., George, E.S., Chan, A.T., Roberts, S.K., Ryan, J., Phyo, A.Z.Z., McNeil, J.J., Beilin, L.J., and Tran, C. (2024). Mediterranean diet and ultra-processed food intake in older Australian adults\u2014Associations with frailty and cardiometabolic conditions. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172978"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-01209-2","article-title":"Association between ultra-processed foods intake and frailty risk in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"45","author":"Hallajzadeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88489-0","article-title":"Long-term trends and patterns in ultra-processed food consumption among Korean adults from 1998 to 2022","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (2026, June 29). The Ninth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IX-3). Available online: https:\/\/knhanes.kdca.go.kr\/knhanes\/rawDataDwnld\/rawDataDwnld.do."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234","article-title":"The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing","volume":"21","author":"Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.G., and Kim, H. (2025). No Significant Association Between Vitamin C Supplements and Frailty in Korean Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2018\u20132019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182977"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Kim, K. (2025). Differential Effects of Vitamin C from Fruit and Vegetables Versus Supplements on the Risk of Frailty. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243876"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2026.00038","article-title":"Association between nutrient intake and frailty status in Korean older adults: A cross-sectional study using the 9th (2022\u20132023) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Korean J. Community Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100518","article-title":"Impact of energy intake on the association between protein intake and the prevalence of frailty in older Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014\u20132018","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1005-9","article-title":"Nutritional status and frailty in community-dwelling older Korean adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., Cho, I., and Kwak, D. (2025). Comparison of the frailty phenotype and the Korean version of the frail scale. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13111352"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14314","article-title":"Common and different characteristics among combinations of physical frailty and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035573","article-title":"Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS): Cohort profile","volume":"10","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.24.0308","article-title":"Relationship between use of multivitamins and mineral supplements and frailty in older Korean population: A cross-sectional study using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018\u20132019","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, J., Park, H., and Park, K. (2022). Dietary essential amino acid intake is associated with high muscle strength in Korean older adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153104"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Chae, M., Park, H., and Park, K. (2021). Higher branched-chain amino acid intake is associated with handgrip strength among Korean older adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051522"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"702","article-title":"Physical frailty predicts cognitive decline in elderly people: Prospective findings from the living profiles of older people survey in Korea","volume":"5","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0335","article-title":"Associations of ultra-processed food intake with body fat and skeletal muscle mass by sociodemographic factors","volume":"48","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konieczynski, E.M., Sahni, S., Jacques, P.F., and Naumova, E.N. (2025). Ultra-processed food and frailty: Evidence from a prospective cohort study and implications for future research. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162631"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae223","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intakes and health outcomes in adults older than 60 years: A systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Shahatah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-00986-0","article-title":"The association of ultra-processed food intake on age-related muscle conditions: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis with meta-regression","volume":"44","author":"Awlqadr","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Lee, Y., Won, C.W., Kim, M.K., Kye, S., Shim, J.-S., Ki, S., and Yun, J.-h. (2021). Dietary patterns and frailty in older Korean adults: Results from the Korean frailty and aging cohort study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020601"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernacka, K., Soza\u0144ski, T., and Kucharska, A.Z. (2025). Fermented fruits, vegetables, and legumes in metabolic syndrome: From traditional use to functional foods and medical applications. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121989"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.7.635","article-title":"Insulin resistance and inflammation as precursors of frailty: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"167","author":"Barzilay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, A., Speranza, B., Racioppo, A., Santillo, A., Albenzio, M., Derossi, A., Caporizzi, R., Francavilla, M., Racca, D., and Flagella, Z. (2025). Ultra-processed food and gut microbiota: Do additives affect eubiosis? A narrative review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010002"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiller, A.L., Costa, B.G.d., Yoshihara, R.N.Y., Nogueira, E.J.Z., Castelhano, N.S., Santos, A., Brusco De Freitas, M., Magro, D.O., and Yukie Sassaki, L. (2025). Ultra-processed foods, gut microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease: A critical review of emerging evidence. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.1764.v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, D., Godos, J., Bonaccio, M., Vitaglione, P., and Grosso, G. (2021). Ultra-processed foods and nutritional dietary profile: A meta-analysis of nationally representative samples. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103390"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.07.012","article-title":"Association between Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Dietary Intake and Diet Quality in Korean Adults","volume":"122","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2024.105467","article-title":"Longitudinal association between body mass index (BMI), BMI trajectories and the risk of frailty among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"124","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105880","article-title":"Bidirectional relationship between diabetes and frailty in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Si","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igac032","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac032","article-title":"The association between cardiometabolic risk factors and frailty in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Shakya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03258-x","article-title":"Eating patterns in Korean adults, 1998\u20132018: Increased energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in main meals and snacks","volume":"63","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112374","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016\u20132020","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00646-1","article-title":"Associations of minimally processed and ultra-processed food intakes with cardiovascular health in Korean adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), 2013\u20132015","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S., Jang, E., Lee, H., Kim, J.Y., and Park, S. (2023). Higher consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with cardiovascular risk in Korean adults: KNHANES 2016\u20132018. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1219216"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022000179","article-title":"Comparison of dietary share of ultra-processed foods assessed with a FFQ against a 24-h dietary recall in adults: Results from KNHANES 2016","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2022.16.4.476","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and total sugars intake in Korea: Evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016\u20132018","volume":"16","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2021.0228","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed food and blood pressure in Korean adults","volume":"52","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.5720\/kjcn.2022.27.6.455","article-title":"Development of Korean NOVA Food Classification and Estimation of Ultra-Processed Food Intake Among Adults: Using 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Community Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, J.-S., Shim, S.-Y., Cha, H.-J., Kim, J., and Kim, H.C. (2021). Socioeconomic characteristics and trends in the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Korea from 2010 to 2018. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041120"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, H., Park, J.M., Oh, S.U., Ha, K., and Joung, H. (2021). Consumption of ultra-processed foods increases the likelihood of having obesity in Korean women. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020698"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:14:18Z","timestamp":1790309658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18193135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18193135","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}