{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:59:00Z","timestamp":1790675940394,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":401,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatric autoimmune disorders are increasingly common, yet outcomes remain poor due to delayed diagnosis and lack of appropriate actions. Immune system dysfunction frequently coincides with deficiencies in essential micronutrients and cofactors, including vitamin D. Objectives: This study evaluated the contribution of vitamin D and cofactor (e.g., magnesium) deficiencies to impaired endocrine secretion and autoimmune susceptibility, which may trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity in children. Methods: This systematic review examines the complex interactions between micronutrients\u2014particularly vitamin D\u2014and cofactors such as zinc, selenium, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids, and their effects on endocrine and immune function. These interactions influence enzymatic activity, immune regulatory mechanisms, and endocrine pathways, potentially causing hormonal disequilibrium and increasing the risk of pediatric autoimmune disorders. Results: The review underscores the importance of early diagnosis, cost-effective non-pharmacological interventions, and targeted micronutrient strategies in reducing the risk, incidence, and severity of these disorders, prior to using expensive patented agents. Proactive supplementation\u2014particularly with vitamin D3 and complementary cofactor micronutrients\u2014known to strengthen immune functions, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigate the development of autoimmune disease. Understanding the interconnected roles of micronutrient balance, gut microbiota, and immune dysregulation is essential for effective prevention and management of these conditions in childhood. Conclusions: This review encourages pediatricians and other healthcare professionals to adopt integrative, cost-efficient approaches\u2014including holistic, orthomolecular strategies centered on personalized nutritional therapy\u2014in addition to optimizing general health, to reduce the risk of autoimmune disorders and mitigate associated complications. Such approaches are likely to improve clinical outcomes, reform future research and public health strategy, and reduce healthcare costs. Optimizing micronutrient status may substantially enhance children\u2019s well-being and long-term quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:26:11Z","timestamp":1790256371000},"page":"3148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocrine\u2013Immune Crosstalk in Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Role of Micronutrients, with Emphasis on Vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atapattu","family":"Navoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil J.","family":"Wimalawansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioMetabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2007.11.007","article-title":"Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease","volume":"7","author":"Stojanovich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106497","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates the expression of Toll-like receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokines without affecting Chikungunya virus replication, in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"232","author":"Velilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicherska-Pawlowska, K., Wrobel, T., and Rybka, J. (2021). Toll-Like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) in innate immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs ligands as immunotherapeutic agents for hematopoietic diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413397"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.134817","article-title":"Vitamin D: An instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression","volume":"70","author":"Blank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.01.044","article-title":"Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng\/ml are at increased risk of death","volume":"116","author":"Smaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.056","article-title":"Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans","volume":"165","author":"Vatanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.58","article-title":"The calcium-sensing receptor and 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase interact to modulate skeletal growth and bone turnover","volume":"25","author":"Richard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicatiello, A.G., Di Girolamo, D., and Dentice, M. (2018). Metabolic effects of the intracellular regulation of thyroid hormone: Old players, new concepts. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141334","article-title":"The unsettled science of nonrenal calcitriol production and its clinical relevance","volume":"130","author":"Pike","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zittermann, A. (2025). Regulation of renal and extrarenal calcitriol synthesis and its clinical implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202505.0111.v1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2023.2171759","article-title":"Vitamin D: Immune function, inflammation, infections and auto-immunity","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Infections and autoimmunity-The immune system and vitamin D: A systematic review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173842"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.04.004","article-title":"Serum cytokines are increased and circulating micronutrients are not altered in subjects with early compared to advanced knee osteoarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.06.009","article-title":"Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice","volume":"9","author":"Souberbielle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"541","article-title":"Effects of single-dose and co-supplementation of vitamin D and omega-3 on metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An RCT","volume":"21","author":"Bahramian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadario, F., Pozzi, E., Rizzollo, S., Stracuzzi, M., Beux, S., Giorgis, A., Carrera, D., Fullin, F., Riso, S., and Rizzo, A.M. (2019). Vitamin D and omega-3 Supplementations in Mediterranean Diet During the 1st Year of Overt Type 1 Diabetes: A Cohort Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201907.0048.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Xue, S., Zhang, L., and Chen, G. (2022). Trace elements and the thyroid. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.904889"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C., and Velleuer, E. (2024). Vitamin D and aging: Central role of immunocompetence. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030398"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Immune System Effects on the Endocrine System. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.043","article-title":"Understanding the human immune system in the 21st century: The Human Immunology Project Consortium","volume":"31","author":"Poland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.014","article-title":"B cell memory: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"54","author":"Quast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, F.H.N., Kwan, A., Winder, N., Mughal, A., Collado-Rojas, C., and Muthana, M. (2022). Understanding immune responses to viruses-do underlying Th1\/Th2 cell biases predict outcome?. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071493"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-018-0046-9","article-title":"Role of the T and B lymphocytes in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"11","author":"Rydzewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawicka, B., Sulewska, A., Kulczynska-Przybik, A., Bossowski, F., Dulewicz, M., Borysewicz-Sanczyk, H., Mroczko, B., Niklinski, J., and Bossowski, A. (2024). Potential role of selected miRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases in children and adolescents. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040731"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27180","article-title":"The pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmune diseases: New T lymphocytes\u2014Cytokines circuits beyond the Th1-Th2 paradigm","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1171","article-title":"The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system\u2014Where we stand and why we need to know about it","volume":"186","author":"Wenzek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"4936370","article-title":"Adrenal-derived hormones differentially modulate intestinal immunity in experimental colitis","volume":"2016","author":"Basso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2017.02.010","article-title":"The vitamin D for enhancing the Immune system in cystic fibrosis (DISC) trial: Rationale and design of a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high dose bolus administration of vitamin D3 during acute pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Tangpricha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"New spectrum of COVID-19 manifestations in children: Kawasaki-like syndrome and hyperinflammatory response","volume":"87","author":"Panupattanapong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217960","article-title":"Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 mimicking Kawasaki disease (Kawa-COVID-19): A multicentre cohort","volume":"79","author":"Pouletty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795565221075319","DOI":"10.1177\/11795565221075319","article-title":"A review of coronaviruses associated with Kawasaki disease: Possible implications for pathogenesis of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/PLMI.S373617","article-title":"Overcoming infections including COVID-19, by maintaining circulating 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng\/mL","volume":"14","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Lab. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7319.997a","article-title":"Reanalysis of twin studies suggests that diabetes is mainly genetic","volume":"323","author":"Gale","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1441-z","article-title":"Heritability of Addison\u2019s disease and prevalence of associated autoimmunity in a cohort of 112,100 Swedish twins","volume":"58","author":"Skov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0290","article-title":"Analysis of extended human leukocyte antigen haplotype association with Addison\u2019s disease in three populations","volume":"157","author":"Gombos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasniewska, M.G., and Bossowski, A. (2021). Special Issue: Autoimmune disease genetics. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12121937"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.F., and Wang, H. (2019). Environmental exposures and autoimmune diseases: Contribution of gut microbiome. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03094"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1770","article-title":"Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.30","article-title":"Viral infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus--why the beta cells?","volume":"12","author":"Eizirik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2017.09.005","article-title":"Understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Parks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e26995","article-title":"A systematic review of the link between autism spectrum disorder and acetaminophen: A mystery to resolve","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00720-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Pisetsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100774","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors regulate the type 1 diabetes gene CTSH via differential DNA methylation","volume":"296","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328307f283","article-title":"Are pediatric autoimmune diseases primarily genetic diseases?","volume":"20","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60588-0","article-title":"Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study","volume":"376","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: An urgent call to action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0632-2","article-title":"The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders","volume":"11","author":"Mazzone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01952-8","article-title":"Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Graves\u2019 disease and the manifestations of thyrotoxicosis. Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Zhang, W., Ma, C., Zhao, Y., Xiong, R., Wang, H., Chen, W., and Zheng, S.G. (2021). Immunomodulatory function of vitamin D and its role in autoimmune thyroid disease. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.574967"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czarnywojtek, A., Florek, E., Pietronczyk, K., Sawicka-Gutaj, N., Ruchala, M., Ronen, O., Nixon, I.J., Shaha, A.R., Rodrigo, J.P., and Tufano, R.P. (2023). The role of vitamin D in autoimmune thyroid diseases: A narrative review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041452"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecora, F., Persico, F., Argentiero, A., Neglia, C., and Esposito, S. (2020). The role of micronutrients in support of the Immune response against viral infections. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103198"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06374.x","article-title":"Vitamin D: An essential component for skeletal health","volume":"1240","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2012). Vitamin D: Everything You Need to Know, Karu Sons. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01061-0","article-title":"Macronutrient balance and micronutrient amounts through growth and development","volume":"47","author":"Savarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.01.020","article-title":"Advancements in personalized nutrition technologies: Guiding principles for registered dietitian nutritionists","volume":"120","author":"Rozga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03276-9","article-title":"Advancing nutrition science to meet evolving global health needs","volume":"62","author":"Neufeld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welch, V., Petticrew, M., Tugwell, P., Moher, D., O\u2019Neill, J., Waters, E., White, H., and The PRISMA-Equity Bellagio Group (2012). PRISMA-Equity 2012 extension: Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews with a focus on health equity. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001333"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0360","article-title":"Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans","volume":"89","author":"Armas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0094-8","article-title":"Vitamin D in the new millennium","volume":"10","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.016","article-title":"Non-musculoskeletal benefits of vitamin D","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.086918","article-title":"Sun exposure and risk of melanoma","volume":"91","author":"Oliveria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312443426","article-title":"Factors associated with inconsistent sun protection in first-degree relatives of melanoma survivors","volume":"22","author":"Shuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Physiological Basis for Using Vitamin D to Improve Health. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061542"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, K.A., Baggerly, C.A., Aliano, J.L., French, C.B., Baggerly, L.L., Ebeling, M.D., Rittenberg, C.S., Goodier, C.G., and Mateus Nino, J.F. (2017). Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations >\/=40 ng\/mL associated with 60% lower preterm birth risk among general obstetrical patients at an urban medical center. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180483"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsche, L., Glauner, B., and von Mendel, J. (2021). COVID-19 mortality risk correlates inversely with vitamin D3 status, and a mortality rate close to zero could theoretically be achieved at 50 ng\/mL 25(OH)D3: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.22.21263977"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2022). Rapidly Increasing Serum 25(OH)D Boosts the Immune System, against Infections\u2014Sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142997"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C., French, C.B., Baggerly, L.L., Garland, C.F., Gorham, E.D., Lappe, J.M., and Heaney, R.P. (2016). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations >\/=40 ng\/ml are associated with >65% lower cancer risk: Pooled analysis of randomized trial and prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152441"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066452","article-title":"Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011023","article-title":"Perspective: Randomized controlled trials are not a panacea for diet-related research","volume":"7","author":"Hebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J., Weiss, S.T., and Hollis, B.W. (2024). Integrating Endocrine, Genomic, and Extra-Skeletal Benefits of Vitamin D into National and Regional Clinical Guidelines. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223969"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2024). Physiology of Vitamin D-Focusing on Disease Prevention. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111666"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W., Wimalawansa, S.J., Pludowski, P., and Cheng, R. (2025). Vitamin D: Evidence-based health benefits and recommendations for population guidelines. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020277"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1740","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae164","article-title":"Enhancing the design of nutrient clinical trials for disease prevention\u2014A focus on vitamin D: A systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007492","article-title":"Understanding nutritional epidemiology and its role in policy","volume":"6","author":"Satija","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12090","article-title":"Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects","volume":"72","author":"Heaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302034","article-title":"Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"104","author":"Garland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.08.009","article-title":"Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"177","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1024","article-title":"The link between Graves\u2019 disease and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A role for regulatory T cells","volume":"148","author":"McLachlan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, M.J., Yin, H.F., Liang, Y.C., Jiang, F., and Li, H.L. (2024). Effect of trace elements and nutrients on 21 autoimmune diseases: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1462815"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, M.K., and Brinton, R.D. (2019). Autoimmune sisease in women: Endocrine transition and risk across the lifespan. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00265"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.126626","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as acute adrenal insufficiency: A rare clinical presentation","volume":"4","author":"Bhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2024). Unveiling the interplay-vitamin D and ACE-2 molecular interactions in mitigating complications and deaths from SARS-CoV-2. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13100831"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2579","article-title":"ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers reduce the complications associated with COVID-19 infection","volume":"10","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117177","article-title":"The interplay between cytokines, inflammation, and antioxidants: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials of various antioxidants and anti-cytokine compounds","volume":"178","author":"Bhol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razzaque, M., and Wimalawansa, S.J. (2025). Minerals and human health: From deficiency to toxicity. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030454"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2021.05.013","article-title":"Essential sufficiency of zinc, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and magnesium for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer","volume":"187","author":"Story","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blazewicz, A., Wisniewska, P., and Skorzynska-Dziduszko, K. (2021). Selected essential and toxic chemical elements in hypothyroidism-A literature review (2001\u20132021). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810147"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanna, A., Firinu, D., Zavattari, P., and Valera, P. (2018). Zinc status and Autoimmunity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010068"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.12.010","article-title":"Emerging role of air pollution in autoimmune diseases","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Lester, T. (2025, February 02). The Role of Lifestyle Factors in Autoimmune Disease Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.rupahealth.com\/post\/the-role-of-lifestyle-factors-in-autoimmune-disease-management?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampousi, A.M., Lofvenborg, J.E., Ahlqvist, E., Tuomi, T., Wolk, A., and Carlsson, S. (2023). Antioxidant nutrients and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and type 2 diabetes: A Swedish case-control study and Mendelian Randomization analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112546"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343340","article-title":"Vitamin A metabolism and mucosal immune function are distinct between BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"45","author":"Goverse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00509-8","article-title":"The role of retinoic acid in the production of immunoglobulin A","volume":"15","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon, P., Strippoli, V., Fang, B., and Cimmino, L. (2020). B vitamins and one-carbon metabolism: Implications in human health and disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092867"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1159\/000107673","article-title":"Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function","volume":"51","author":"Wintergerst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.012","article-title":"The effects of vitamin B on the immune\/cytokine network and their involvement in depression","volume":"96","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111118","article-title":"Vitamin C and vitamin C plus E improve the immune function in the elderly","volume":"142","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"2531","article-title":"Vitamin D compounds: Activity against microbes and cancer","volume":"26","author":"Gombart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoenngam, N., and Holick, M.F. (2020). Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110173","article-title":"Essential metals in health and disease","volume":"367","author":"Jomova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00423-0","article-title":"A narrative review on the role of magnesium in immune regulation, inflammation, infectious diseases, and cancer","volume":"42","author":"Ashique","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"68","article-title":"Magnesium and vitamin D deficiency as a potential cause of immune dysfunction, cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"118","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9377-3","article-title":"Zinc: Dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly","volume":"35","author":"Mocchegiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100511","article-title":"Zinc and its role in age-related inflammation and immune dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, D., Wei, X., He, Y., Zhong, L., Lu, H., Lan, J., Wei, Y., Liu, Z., and Liu, H. (2024). The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1385591"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700465","article-title":"On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health","volume":"52","author":"Schomburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02490-9","article-title":"The importance of selenium to human health","volume":"356","author":"Rayman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100864","article-title":"Iron in infection and immunity","volume":"75","author":"Nairz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.0320s1070.x","article-title":"Iron and immunity: A double-edged sword","volume":"32","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071714-034419","article-title":"Manganese Is essential for neuronalhealth","volume":"35","author":"Horning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"35","article-title":"Nothing boring about boron","volume":"14","author":"Pizzorno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930087","article-title":"The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women","volume":"69","author":"Beattie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01802-5","article-title":"Brain copper may protect from cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: A community-based study","volume":"27","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1768","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2912","article-title":"Iodine contributes to thyroid autoimmunity in humans by unmasking a cryptic epitope on thyroglobulin","volume":"98","author":"Latrofa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2244186.093","article-title":"Impact of iodine intake on the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease in children and adults","volume":"27","author":"Kalarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002055","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002055","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and immune-mediated diseases: A population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Adami","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115334","article-title":"Association between exposure to external airborne agents and autoimmune disease","volume":"263","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"133","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleakley, A.S., Licciardi, P.V., and Binks, M.J. (2021). Vitamin D modulation of the innate immune response to paediatric respiratory pathogens Associated with acute lower respiratory Infections. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010276"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953562","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5953562","article-title":"Progress in the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the Incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children","volume":"2022","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-015-0395-y","article-title":"An update on the role of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory and degenerative diseases","volume":"71","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2653","article-title":"Clinical review: The role of the parent compound vitamin D with respect to metabolism and function: Why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Hollis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1536S","article-title":"Summary of a workshop on n-3 fatty acids: Current status of recommendations and future directions","volume":"83","author":"Akabas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-002-0234-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a low arachidonic acid diet and fish oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Adam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606133342401","article-title":"Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"334","author":"Belluzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"512","article-title":"Administration of vitamin D and high dose of omega 3 to sustain remission of type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Cadario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1604","article-title":"Can Type 1 diabetes progression be halted? Possible role of high dose vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acids","volume":"21","author":"Cadario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"e2737","article-title":"Vitamin D and omega 3 field study on progression of type 1 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Ricordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"CellR4 Repair Replace. Regen. Reprogram."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e663","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000663","article-title":"Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient","volume":"7","author":"Cellucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeGrand, E.K. (2025). Beyond nutritional immunity: Immune-stressing challenges basic paradigms of immunometabolism and immunology. Nutr. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1508767"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.02.006","article-title":"The role of the immune system in metabolic health and disease","volume":"25","author":"Zmora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramal-Sanchex, M., Trippetta, C.B., Antonio, V.A., Covaglia, E., Kempfer, A.A.M., Schins, R.P.F., Serafini, M., and Angelino, D. (2025). Development and assessment of an intestinal tri-cellular model to investigate the pro\/anti-inflammatory potential of digested foods. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1545261"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103627","article-title":"Lactate in the tumour microenvironment: From immune modulation to therapy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, J.A. (2024). Fifty years of HLA-associated type 1 diabetes risk: History, current knowledge, and future directions. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1457213"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Bella, S., Rinaldi, M., Di Ludovico, A., Di Donato, G., Di Donato, G., Salpietro, V., Chiarelli, F., and Breda, L. (2023). Genetic background and molecular mechanisms of fuvenile idiopathic arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031846"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-05083-z","article-title":"Coincidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and type 1 diabetes: A case-based review","volume":"42","author":"Szablowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, S.M., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., and Benvenga, S. (2017). Environmental Issues in thyroid diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00050"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7028","article-title":"Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent autoimmune disease","volume":"319","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.08.005","article-title":"Interplay of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in regulating oxidative stress in isolated adult cardiac myocytes","volume":"41","author":"Kaur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.010","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system: New perspectives on an old theme","volume":"39","author":"Hewison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, M., Della-Morte, D., Buttinelli, G., Di Martino, A., Pacifici, F., Checconi, P., Ambrosio, L., Stefanelli, P., Palamara, A.T., and Garaci, E. (2021). Protective role of combined polyphenols and micronutrients against influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111721"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"432","article-title":"Global epidemic of coronavirus -COVID-19: What can we do to minimize risks","volume":"7","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed. Pharma. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03290-8","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of microelements in COVID-19 outcome: A relationship with nutritional status","volume":"201","author":"Renata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (J. Diabetes Treat., 2016). Vitamin D: Biology, physiology, and pathology, J. Diabetes Treat., in press."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8899931","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8899931","article-title":"Darker skin color measured by Von Luschan Chromatic Scale and increased sunlight exposure time are independently associated with decreased odds of vitamin D deficiency in Thai ambulatory patients","volume":"2021","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"000571","article-title":"Prophylactic use of vitamin D to maintain a robust immune system against infections like SARS-CoV-2","volume":"3","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. J. Endocrinol. Metab. GJEM"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg175","article-title":"Commentary: Bread and alum, syphilis and sunlight: Rickets in the nineteenth century","volume":"32","author":"Hardy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Shen, F., Petryk, A., Tang, J., Chen, X., and Sergi, C. (2016). \u201cEnglish disease\u201d: Historical notes on rickets, the bone-lung link and child neglect issues. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110722"},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"NHANES (2024, January 10). Analytical Note for 25-hydroxyvitamin D Data Analysis Using NHANES III (1988\u20131994), NHANES 2001\u20132006, and NHANES 2007\u20132010, Available online: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/vitamind\/analyticalnote.aspx."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, G., Lin, Y., Dai, H., Xu, J., and Liu, J. (2023). Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and osteoarthritis: A national population-based analysis of NHANES 2001\u20132018. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1016809"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab186","article-title":"Socioeconomic and demographic risk factors in COVID-19 hospitalization among immigrants and ethnic minorities","volume":"32","author":"Islamoska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e046556","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046556","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 hospital admission and COVID-19 mortality during the first COVID-19 wave with a special emphasis on ethnic minorities: An observational study of a single, deprived, multiethnic UK health economy","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.02.021","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency, diabetes, and obesity","volume":"13","author":"Alloubani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"35","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency, Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.328","article-title":"Why the IOM recommendations for vitamin D are deficient","volume":"26","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2601","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited","volume":"97","author":"Holick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10189","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125527","article-title":"Optimal Vitamin D Supplementation Doses that Minimize the Risk for Both Low and High Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in the General Population","volume":"7","author":"Veugelers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031688","article-title":"Letter to Veugelers, P.J. and Ekwaru, J.P., A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4472\u20134475; doi:10.3390\/nu6104472","volume":"7","author":"Heaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekwaru, J.P., Zwicker, J.D., Holick, M.F., Giovannucci, E., and Veugelers, P.J. (2014). The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111265"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220234","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0234","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in British South Asians, a persistent but avoidable problem associated with many health risks (including rickets, T2DM, CVD, COVID-19 and pregnancy complications): The case for correcting this deficiency","volume":"11","author":"Boucher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Rickets\/osteomalacia. consensus on vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children","volume":"28","author":"Michigami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001148","article-title":"Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D status and cathelicidin levels in sepsis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Quraishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.3176","article-title":"Association between preoperative 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and hospital-acquired infections following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery","volume":"149","author":"Quraishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_322_19","article-title":"Inverse relationship between 25 hydroxy vitamin D and parathormone: Are there two inflection points?","volume":"23","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.07.009","article-title":"The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone levels","volume":"124","author":"Saliba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W., and Wimalawansa, S.J. (2026). Vitamin D and health: Establishing causal relationships through observational evidence and Hill\u2019s criteria in a biological framework. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172902"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2023). Controlling chronic diseases and acute Infections with vitamin D sufficiency. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163623"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.1.1.7388","article-title":"How strong is the evidence that solar ultraviolet B and vitamin D reduce the risk of cancer? An examination using Hill\u2019s criteria for causality","volume":"1","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency: Effects on oxidative stress, epigenetics, gene regulation, and aging. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020030"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.08.027","article-title":"Developing vitamin D dietary guidelines and the lack of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardization: The ever-present past","volume":"164","author":"Sempos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biology of vitamin D","volume":"10","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroids Horm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.066","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in humans: An important tool to define adequate nutritional vitamin D status","volume":"103","author":"Hollis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10606","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10606","article-title":"Vitamin D: A single initial dose is not bogus if followed by an appropriate maintenance intake","volume":"6","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.03.006","article-title":"Vitamin D and Its Potential Benefit for the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Charoenngam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, The National Academies Press. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZsMPp6I59VwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&ots=Bj8aw34dhb&sig=J-h2sZXnybJVIY9SXD1Y4_3HN98#v=onepage&q&f=false."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2026, May 25). Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Available online: http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/Reports\/2010\/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D.aspx."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.10.011","article-title":"Revisiting vitamin D guidelines: A critical appraisal of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Holick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2025). Vitamin D deficiency meets Hill\u2019s criteria for causation in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, complications, and mortality: A systematic review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030599"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9889","article-title":"Correlation between serum 25-(OH)D(3) level and immune imbalance of Th1\/Th2 cytokines in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and its effect on autophagy of human Hashimoto thyroid cells","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000210","article-title":"Prospective study of vitamin D status at initiation of care in critically ill surgical patients and risk of 90-day mortality","volume":"42","author":"Quraishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175","article-title":"Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets","volume":"101","author":"Munns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0","article-title":"Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition","volume":"50","author":"Agostoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0488-7","article-title":"Vitamin D in pediatric age: Consensus of the Italian Pediatric Society and the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, jointly with the Italian Federation of Pediatricians","volume":"44","author":"Saggese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Boucher, B.J., Cheng, R.Z., Pludowski, P., and Wimalawansa, S.J. (2025). Vitamin D and cardiovascular health: A narrative review of risk reduction evidence. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132102"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26216","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing vitamin D status","volume":"233","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.07.007","article-title":"The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among dark-skinned populations according to their stage of migration and region of birth: A meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassi, F., Tamone, C., and D\u2019Amelio, P. (2018). Vitamin D: Nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111656"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Aliano, J.L., and Bhattoa, H.P. (2020). Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of Influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0235.v2"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1039\/C4FO00371C","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplements on influenza A illness during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Urashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazzei, G., van Vollenhoven, R.F., de Jong, B.A., Siegelaar, S.E., and van Schaardenburg, D. (2022). Preclinical autoimmune disease: A comparison of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic Lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type 1 ciabetes. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.899372"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambagaspitiya, S.S., Appuhamillage, G.A., and Wimalawansa, S.J. (2025). Impact of vitamin D on skin aging, and age-related dermatological conditions. Front. Biosci., 30.","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL25463"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00049-8","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D receptor ligands in autoimmune diseases","volume":"2","author":"Adorini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S.P., Sharma, N., and An, S.S.A. (2024). Role of Calcitriol and Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094806"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2016.12","article-title":"Cistromic and genetic evidence that the vitamin D receptor mediates susceptibility to latitude-dependent autoimmune diseases","volume":"17","author":"Booth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1474","article-title":"The Vitamin D Receptor Regulates Tissue Resident Macrophage Response to Injury","volume":"157","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence","volume":"12","author":"Pludowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Effect of race and diet on human-milk vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"139","author":"Specker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.06.002","article-title":"Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Basic concepts","volume":"97","author":"Mathieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112002765","article-title":"Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"72","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2012.03.015","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Takiishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.011","article-title":"Evaluation of a 12-week targeted vitamin D supplementation regimen in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasse, H., Cardarelli, F., De Staercke, C., Hooper, C., Veledar, E., and Guessous, I. (2011). 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with serum MMP-9 in a cross-sectional study of African American ESRD patients. BMC Nephrol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-24"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6bke, T.K., Sorg, B.L., and Steinhilber, D. (2014). Vitamin D in inflammatory diseases. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00244"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miclea, A., Bagnoud, M., Chan, A., and Hoepner, R. (2020). A brief review of the effects of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00781"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.5547","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. Prevalence and association with disease activity in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Attar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2216-4","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in 4,793 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Furuya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, T.H., Britton, G.J., Hill, E.V., Verhagen, J., Burton, B.R., and Wraith, D.C. (2013). Regulation of adaptive immunity; the role of interleukin-10. Front. Immunol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00129"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5771","article-title":"IL-10: The master regulator of immunity to infection","volume":"180","author":"Couper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2010.02291.x","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and the vitamin D endocrine system","volume":"41","author":"Mascitelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X10377820","article-title":"Vitamin D and gastrointestinal diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Raman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386960-9.00016-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"86","author":"Ardizzone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R216","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3195","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis: Prevalence, determinants and associations with disease activity and disability","volume":"12","author":"Rossini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8577-0","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"607","article-title":"Vitamin D supplement doses and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the range associated with cancer prevention","volume":"31","author":"Garland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8361-3","article-title":"The implication of vitamin D and autoimmunity: A comprehensive review","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80655-8","article-title":"An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3","volume":"96","author":"Nykjaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1738","article-title":"25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3: Relation to circulating vitamin D3 under various input conditions","volume":"87","author":"Heaney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.03.065","article-title":"Structural analysis of CYP2R1 in complex with vitamin D3","volume":"380","author":"Strushkevich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.500S","article-title":"Vitamin D across the lifecycle: Physiology and biomarkers","volume":"88","author":"Prentice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1454","article-title":"Nonclassic actions of vitamin D","volume":"94","author":"Bikle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106253","article-title":"Two lineages of immune cells that differentially express the vitamin D receptor","volume":"228","author":"Cantorna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1851","article-title":"Vitamin D controls T cell antigen receptor signaling and activation of human T cells","volume":"11","author":"Kongsbak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804344","article-title":"TLR-induced local metabolism of vitamin D3 plays an important role in the diversification of adaptive immune responses","volume":"182","author":"Enioutina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26155","article-title":"Vitamin D3 alters the expression of Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"118","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.050","article-title":"Evaluation of the Friend Virus model for the development of improved adenovirus-vectored anti-retroviral vaccination strategies","volume":"26","author":"Bayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bader, D.A., Abed, A., Mohammad, B.A., Aljaberi, A., Sundookah, A., Habash, M., Alsayed, A.R., Abusamak, M., Al-Shakhshir, S., and Abu-Samak, M. (2023). The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D(3) Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051188"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13546","article-title":"Randomized control trial comparing effectiveness of weekly versus daily antenatal oral iron supplementation in preventing anemia during pregnancy","volume":"44","author":"Goonewardene","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caccamo, D., Ricca, S., Curro, M., and Ientile, R. (2018). Health risks of hypovitaminosis D: A review of new molecular insights. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030892"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.007","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Colotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGregor, R., Chauss, D., Freiwald, T., Yan, B., Wang, L., Nova-Lamperti, E., Zhang, Z., Teague, H., West, E.E., and Bibby, J. (2020). An autocrine Vitamin D-driven Th1 shutdown program can be exploited for COVID-19. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2020.07.18.210161v1. Available online: https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.07.18.210161v1.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.18.210161"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01080-3","article-title":"Autocrine vitamin D signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of T(H)1 cells","volume":"23","author":"Chauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Miao, J., Guo, R., Guo, J., Fan, Z., Kong, X., Gao, R., and Yang, L. (2022). Mechanism of COVID-19 Causing ARDS: Exploring the Possibility of Preventing and Treating SARS-CoV-2. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.931061"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121211014073","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211014073","article-title":"Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review","volume":"9","author":"Bui","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrani, Y., Morovati, S., Tieu, S., Karimi, N., Javadi, H., Vanderkamp, S., Sarmadi, S., Tajik, T., Kakish, J.E., and Bridle, B.W. (2023). Vitamin D influences the activity of mast cells in allergic manifestations and potentiates their effector functions against pathogens. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12182271"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102376","article-title":"Treg cells in health and autoimmune diseases: New insights from single cell analysis","volume":"110","author":"Scheinecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.08.018","article-title":"The vitamin D receptor functions as a transcription regulator in the absence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77093-z","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200786","article-title":"Availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to APCs controls the balance between regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses","volume":"189","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.463","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, C.L., and Hollis, B.W. (2018). The implications of vitamin D status during pregnancy on mother and her developing child. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00500"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-56","article-title":"Predominance of Th2 polarization by vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Sloka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, D., Baci, D., Kustrimovic, N., Lanzo, N., Patera, B., Tanda, M.L., Piantanida, E., and Mortara, L. (2023). How does vitamin D affect immune cells crosstalk in autoimmune diseases?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054689"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hii, C.S., and Ferrante, A. (2016). The non-genomic actions of vitamin D. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030135"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zmijewski, M.A. (2022). Nongenomic activities of vitamin D. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235104"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPherson, S.W., Heuss, N.D., and Gregerson, D.S. (2012). Regulation of CD8(+) T Cell responses to retinal antigen by local FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00166"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.03.012","article-title":"Immune modulation by vitamin D: Special emphasis on its tole in prevention and treatment of cancer","volume":"39","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12435","article-title":"Novel method for real-time monitoring of ATP release reveals multiple phases of autocrine purinergic signalling during immune cell activation","volume":"213","author":"Ledderose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01137-w","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the cell membrane of mouse macrophages participates in the formation of lipopolysaccharide tolerance: mVDR is related to the effect of artesunate to reverse LPS tolerance","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106231","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor involves in the protection of intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulating SLC26A3","volume":"227","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-020-02094-x","article-title":"Vitamin D, autoimmunity and immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"313","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanassiou, L., Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I., Koutsilieris, M., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2023). Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040709"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-010-0731-8","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in immune responses and autoimmune diseases, with emphasis on its role in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5993","article-title":"Vitamin D as an early predictor of multiple sclerosis activity and progression","volume":"71","author":"Ascherio","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Munger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqae017","article-title":"Modelling the influence of vitamin D and probiotic supplementation on the microbiome and immune response","volume":"41","author":"Franks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53294\/ijfstr.2024.6.2.0031","article-title":"Decoding the paradox: Understanding elevated hospitalization and reduced mortality in SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"6","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Front. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_271","first-page":"359","article-title":"Vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity","volume":"37","author":"Kalichuran","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2012419","article-title":"Association between vitamin D status and risk of covid-19 in-hospital mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"63","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An Anti-CD3 Antibody, Teplizumab, in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infante, M., Ricordi, C., Sanchez, J., Clare-Salzler, M.J., Padilla, N., Fuenmayor, V., Chavez, C., Alvarez, A., Baidal, D., and Alejandro, R. (2019). Influence of vitamin D on islet autoimmunity and beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092185"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-022-00689-4","article-title":"In a large Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) cohort, concomitant celiac disease is associated with family history of autoimmunity and a more severe JIA course: A retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"Naddei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872016000500009","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in children with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"144","author":"Sonmezgoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"6234","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of vitamin D in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trial in China","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.006","article-title":"HLA-DQ-Gluten tetramer blood test accurately identifies patients with and without Celiac disease in absence of gluten consumption","volume":"154","author":"Sarna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001435","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001435","article-title":"Prevalence of autoimmune diseases and other associated conditions in children and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Lovell","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab021","article-title":"The beta cell in diabetes: Integrating biomarkers with functional measures","volume":"42","author":"Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016 abridged for primary care providers. Clin. Diabetes, 34, 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.34.1.3"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-016-0040-4","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Giancane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1104183T","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease and other non-endocrine autoimmune diseases","volume":"64","author":"Dilas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-7560(199903\/04)15:2<113::AID-DMRR25>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Migrant populations and the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus: An overview of the literature with a focus on the Spanish-heritage countries in Latin America","volume":"15","author":"Goday","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0023","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes in children and Adolescents: A position statement by the american diabetes association","volume":"41","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4942-x","article-title":"Early-life factors contributing to type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Craig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: A modelling study","volume":"10","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ren, Z.H., Qiang, H., Wu, J., Shen, M., Zhang, L., and Lyu, J. (2020). Trends in the incidence of diabetes mellitus: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 and implications for diabetes mellitus prevention. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09502-x"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab065","article-title":"Associations of breastfeeding with childhood autoimmunity, allergies, and overweight: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study","volume":"114","author":"Hummel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0016","article-title":"Infant feeding and risk of type 1 fiabetes in two large Scandinavian birth cohorts","volume":"40","author":"Stordal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_291","first-page":"4048","article-title":"Editorial\u2014Vitamin D status: A key modulator of innate immunity and natural defense from acute viral respiratory infections","volume":"24","author":"Fabbri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infante, M., Ricordi, C., Padilla, N., Alvarez, A., Linetsky, E., Lanzoni, G., Mattina, A., Bertuzzi, F., Fabbri, A., and Baidal, D. (2019). The role of nitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in islet transplantation. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122937"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-020-00207-9","article-title":"Prevention strategies for type 1 diabetes: A story of promising efforts and unmet expectations","volume":"19","author":"Kanta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group (1999). Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetologia, 42, 51\u201354.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051112"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1061-5","article-title":"The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide","volume":"51","author":"Mohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.02.007","article-title":"Neighborhood context and incidence of type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study","volume":"18","author":"Puett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12308","article-title":"Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease","volume":"16","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160526","article-title":"Microbial antigen mimics activate diabetogenic CD8 T cells in NOD mice","volume":"213","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vukovic, R., Zeljkovic, A., Bufan, B., Spasojevic-Kalimanovska, V., Milenkovic, T., and Vekic, J. (2019). Hashimoto thyroiditis and dyslipidemia in childhood: A review. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00868"},{"key":"ref_300","first-page":"675703","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases in children","volume":"2011","author":"Cappa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1055","article-title":"Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: Changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"McLachlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae478","article-title":"Early appearance of thyroid autoimmunity in children followed from birth for type 1 diabetes risk","volume":"110","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104215","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: Tracing links through systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Bahreiny","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossini, A., Cassibba, S., Perticone, F., Benatti, S.V., Venturelli, S., Carioli, G., Ghirardi, A., Rizzi, M., Barbui, T., and Trevisan, R. (2023). Increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease after COVID-19: A single-center, prospective study. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1126683"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244909","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244909","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"14","author":"Knack","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102234","article-title":"The effects of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function and inflammation in hypothyroid patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Talebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30046-8","article-title":"Advances in treatment of active, moderate-to-severe Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy","volume":"5","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000447967","article-title":"Relational stability of Thyroid hormones in euthyroid subjects and patients with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"5","author":"Hoermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid. J."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00275","article-title":"Paradigms of dynamic control of thyroid hormone signaling","volume":"40","author":"Bianco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_310","first-page":"2157583","article-title":"Abnormalities of thyroid hormone metabolism during systemic Illness: The low T3 syndrome in different clinical settings","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohlich, E., and Wahl, R. (2021). Physiological role and use of thyroid hormone metabolites\u2014Potential utility in COVID-19 patients. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.587518"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0028","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement","volume":"24","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-11-9","article-title":"Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency in children","volume":"14","author":"Goncalves","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dankers, W., Colin, E.M., van Hamburg, J.P., and Lubberts, E. (2016). Vitamin D in autoimmunity: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00697"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300213","article-title":"The role of immunomodulation therapy in autoimmune diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia, C., Lucchino, B., Tarsitano, M.G., Iannuccelli, C., and Di Franco, M. (2020). Dietary habits and nutrition in rheumatoid arthritis: Can diet influence disease development and clinical manifestations?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051456"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04153.x","article-title":"Developing combination immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes: Recommendations from the ITN-JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Combination Therapy Assessment Group","volume":"160","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01369-9","article-title":"Combination therapy with saxagliptin and vitamin D for the preservation of beta-cell function in adult-onset type 1 diabetes: A multi-center, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2023.19.2.7","article-title":"Teplizumab in type 1 diabetes mellitus: An updated review","volume":"19","author":"Thakkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"touchREV. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0675","article-title":"Teplizumab: A disease-modifying therapy for type 1 diabetes that preserves beta-cell function","volume":"46","author":"Herold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-024-00181-w","article-title":"Teplizumab\u2019s immunomodulatory effects on pancreatic beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Kokori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00092-2","article-title":"B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: Advances and mechanistic insights","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2022.22.e9","article-title":"Targeted Immunotherapy for autoimmune disease","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.Y., Shin, S., and Han, S.N. (2024). Multifaceted roles of vitamin D for diabetes: From immunomodulatory functions to metabolic regulations. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183185"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01030-7","article-title":"The promising potential of gene therapy for diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Bornstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0205-4","article-title":"Engineering adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00114-0","article-title":"Pancreatic islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes: 20-year experience from a single-centre cohort in Canada","volume":"10","author":"Imes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00703-7","article-title":"Islet cell replacement and regeneration for type 1 diabetes: Current developments and future prospects","volume":"39","author":"Lanzoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009","article-title":"The compelling link between physical activity and the body\u2019s defense system","volume":"8","author":"Nieman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12998","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"1373","author":"Black","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam, S., Kumar, M., Kumar, U., and Dada, R. (2020). Effect of an 8-week yoga-based lifestyle intervention on psycho-neuro-immune axis, disease activity, and perceived quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02259"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115643","article-title":"The NOD mouse: A model of immune dysregulation","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X. (2025). Therapeutic applications of vitamin D. Front. Biosci., 30.","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL37218"},{"key":"ref_335","first-page":"22","article-title":"Functional medicinepast, present, and future","volume":"21","author":"Bland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seetharaman, M., Krishnan, G., and Schneider, R.H. (2021). The future of medicine: Frontiers in integrative health and medicine. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121303"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.022","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system: Beyond rickets","volume":"194","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaseminejad-Raeini, A., Ghaderi, A., Sharafi, A., Nematollahi-Sani, B., Moossavi, M., Derakhshani, A., and Sarab, G.A. (2023). Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: A comprehensive review. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.950465"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dura-Trave, T., and Gallinas-Victoriano, F. (2023). Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and vitamin D. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511881"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1862","article-title":"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"122","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsello, A., Spolidoro, G.C.I., Milani, G.P., and Agostoni, C. (2023). Vitamin D in pediatric age: Current evidence, recommendations, and misunderstandings. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1107855"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.01.004","article-title":"The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: What dietetics practitioners need to know","volume":"111","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090728","article-title":"Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients","volume":"25","author":"Priemel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_344","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2016, January 24\u201325). IOM recommendations vs. vitamin D guidelines applicable to the rest of the world. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vitamin D, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2218","article-title":"IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guideline","volume":"97","author":"Rosen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_346","unstructured":"Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2016). SACN Vitamin D and Health Report: The Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) Recommendations on Vitamin D."},{"key":"ref_347","unstructured":"NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) (2021, August 03). Vitamin D: Supplement Use in Specific Population Groups. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ph56."},{"key":"ref_348","unstructured":"Anonymous-NIH (2024, November 20). Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/VitaminD-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.12.006","article-title":"EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and menopausal health","volume":"169","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, H., Asmolovaite, V., Farnaud, S., and Renshaw, D. (2022). Influence of vitamin D supplementation on immune function of healthy aging people: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1005786"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-139065","article-title":"Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: A randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study)","volume":"98","author":"Rastogi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamri, S.H., Kennedy, C.C., Marr, S., Lohfeld, L., Skidmore, C.J., and Papaioannou, A. (2015). Strategies to overcome barriers to implementing osteoporosis and fracture prevention guidelines in long-term care: A qualitative analysis of action plans suggested by front line staff in Ontario, Canada. BMC Geriatr., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0099-8"},{"key":"ref_354","first-page":"440","article-title":"Assessing vitamin D status","volume":"14","author":"Heaney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800410396947","article-title":"Is the Institute of Medicine report on calcium and vitamin D good science?","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013","DOI":"10.53346\/wjapls.2023.5.2.0080","article-title":"The impact of withholding cost-effective early treatments, such as vitamin D, on COVID-19: An analysis using an innovative logical paradigm","volume":"5","author":"Polonowita","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Pharma Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.122689","article-title":"Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: An international perspective","volume":"92","author":"Dawodu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1912500","article-title":"Teplizumab in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Ilany","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.72265","article-title":"Glycemic changes after vitamin D supplementation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Aljabri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000449","article-title":"Vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: More than just a supplement","volume":"34","author":"Gubatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, J., Cooper, S.C., Ghosh, S., and Hewison, M. (2019). The role of vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanism to management. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051019"},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernia, F., Valvano, M., Longo, S., Cesaro, N., Viscido, A., and Latella, G. (2022). Vitamin D in inflammatory bowel diseases. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020269"},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2008.10.005","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in chronic kidney disease patients: Prevalence and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Cuppari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711452200366X","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and immune-related markers: An update from nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic studies\u2014CORRIGENDUM","volume":"129","author":"Vimaleswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24054","article-title":"Vitamin D status and sun exposure in southeast Asia","volume":"5","author":"Nimitphong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2023.12.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and viral infections: Infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers","volume":"109","author":"Grant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2025). Vitamin D\u2019s Impact on Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142333"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., He, C., Gong, M., Wu, S., and He, J. (2023). The effects of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in different diseases: An evidence-map and umbrella review of 116 randomized controlled trials. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1132528"},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21795","article-title":"COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mortality in the US and 20 Comparison Countries, June 2021\u2013March 2022","volume":"329","author":"Bilinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02359.x","article-title":"Prospective study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in older U.S. adults","volume":"57","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010646","article-title":"Micronutrient fortification of food in Southeast Asia: Recommendations from an expert workshop","volume":"7","author":"Gayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000257","article-title":"Rational food fortification programs to alleviate micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"4","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0486-x","article-title":"The economic case for prevention of population vitamin D deficiency: A modelling study using data from England and Wales","volume":"74","author":"Aguiar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, G., Wimalawansa, S.J., Laillou, A., Sophonneary, P., Un, S., Hong, R., Poirot, E., Kuong, K., Chamnan, C., and De los Reyes, F.N. (2016). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Cambodian women: A common deficiency in a sunny country. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050290"},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E54","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665126102821","article-title":"Dose and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D moderate the effect of vitamin D fortified foods on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"85","author":"Robertson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00867-4","article-title":"Vitamin D food fortification in European countries: The underused potential to prevent cancer deaths","volume":"37","author":"Niedermaier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h321","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and reasonable solar UVB should be recommended to prevent escalating incidence of chronic diseases","volume":"350","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_378","unstructured":"GBD 2019 IMID Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. EClinicalMedicine, 64, 102193."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Low, C.E., Loke, S., Chew, N.S.M., Lee, A., and Tay, S.H. (2024). Vitamin, antioxidant and micronutrient supplementation and the risk of developing incident autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1453703"},{"key":"ref_380","first-page":"25","article-title":"Breakdown of self-tolerance and the pathogenesis of autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Ring","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz013","article-title":"The role of zinc in antiviral immunity","volume":"10","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, J., and Wu, C. (2021). Modulation of gut microbiota and Immune system by probiotics, pre-biotics, and post-biotics. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.634897"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, L., Yang, K., He, Q., Zhu, X., Long, Z., Wu, Y., Chen, J., Li, Y., Zeng, J., and Cui, G. (2024). Efficacy and safety of gut microbiota-based therapies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 80 randomized controlled trials. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03303-4"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811701112","article-title":"Cod liver oil, vitamin A toxicity, frequent respiratory infections, and the vitamin D deficiency epidemic","volume":"117","author":"Cannell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.5512","article-title":"Inappropriate supplementation of Vitamin D can result in toxicity: A crosssectional study of paediatrics population","volume":"73","author":"Shamim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JPMA J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_386","first-page":"e37521","article-title":"Prevalence of iatrogenic vitamin D toxicity among the Saudi population of vitamin D users due to overcorrection","volume":"15","author":"Aljehani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_387","unstructured":"Asif, A., and Farooq, N. (2024). Vitamin D Toxicity, StatPearls (Internet)."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0192","article-title":"Vitamin D Toxicity","volume":"42","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V64","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.07s221","article-title":"Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science","volume":"22","author":"Vieth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107053450115","article-title":"Vitamin D intoxication associated with an over-the-counter supplement","volume":"345","author":"Koutkia","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1443","article-title":"Vitamin D intoxication with severe hypercalcemia due to manufacturing and labeling errors of two dietary supplements made in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Araki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemin.2023.100076","article-title":"Overview of the vital roles of macro minerals in the human body","volume":"4","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Miner."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355733","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3355733","article-title":"Understanding how minerals contribute to optimal immune function","volume":"2023","author":"Stefanache","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyh, C., Kruger, K., Peeling, P., and Castell, L. (2022). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030644"},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055218","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures","volume":"354","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.H., Sermersheim, M., Li, H., Lee, P.H.U., Steinberg, S.M., and Ma, J. (2017). Zinc in wound healing modulation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010016"},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01908-y","article-title":"Selenium deficiency induces inflammation via the iNOS\/NF-kappaB pathway in the brain of pigs","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2016.1151072","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmunity","volume":"45","author":"Rosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the Risk of infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Qi, G., Brand, D., and Zheng, S.G. (2018). Role of vitamin A in the immune system. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090258"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00057","article-title":"Epidemiologic associations between occupational and environmental exposures and autoimmune disease: Report of a meeting to explore current evidence and identify research needs","volume":"203","author":"Vos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1790673567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":401,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18193148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18193148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}