{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:00Z","timestamp":1790334600045,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Project, Dalian, China","award":["2024JJ212PT014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ212PT014"]}]},{"name":"Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Project, Dalian, China","award":["2024YF18PT036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YF18PT036"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Nature Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026-MS-255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026-MS-255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Nature Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-MS-260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-MS-260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. The triple-probiotic mixture BLE (Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis) contains highly oxygen-sensitive strains prone to viability loss during gastrointestinal transit. Adding facultative-aerobic Bacillus cereus generates a four-strain probiotic formulation BLEB. This study aimed to determine whether adding B. cereus improves the anti-colitis capacity of BLE and explore the underlying microbiota\u2013spermidine-related regulatory mechanism. Methods: Acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse models were applied to compare the therapeutic effects of BLE and BLEB. We evaluated disease phenotype, intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, and splenic Treg\/Th17 immune homeostasis. Dynamic 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted intestinal metabolomics characterized gut microbial and metabolic alterations, with Spearman correlation for microbiota\u2013metabolite association analysis. Transcriptomic profiling was performed on DSS-injured Caco-2 cells to examine molecular responses to spermidine. Results: BLEB exerted superior dose-dependent anti-colitis effects compared with BLE. BLEB enriched beneficial Lactobacillaceae and restored luminal polyamine metabolites including spermidine. Spearman correlation revealed significant positive correlations between Lactobacillaceae-affiliated genera and polyamine levels. In vitro, spermidine reversed DSS-provoked transcriptional perturbations and upregulated the transcription of glutathione-centered antioxidant-related genes in Caco-2 cells. Conclusions: Ecological synergy introduced by B. cereus may reshape gut microbiota and increase microbiota-related spermidine, partially contributing to the enhanced mucosal protection conferred by BLEB. This work provides pre-clinical evidence supporting the development of aerobic\u2013anaerobic combined probiotic cocktails for auxiliary UC therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:34:10Z","timestamp":1790332450000},"page":"3164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Supplementation of Bacillus cereus Enhances Anti-Colitis Effects of Triple Probiotics in Mice: Correlative Evidence for a Gut Microbiota\u2013Spermidine-Related Axis in Quadruple-Probiotic Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7222-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jixiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuxu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wutang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CapitalBio Technology (Liaoning) Co., Ltd., Dalian 116016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Grand Biologic Pharmaceutical Inc., Hangzhou 310019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-1964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.119533","article-title":"Colon-targeted alginate\/chitosan microspheres for co-delivery of synbiotics and nanozymes ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"239","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. 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