{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:01:14Z","timestamp":1790845274126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Adequate dietary calcium intake is essential for bone health. Despite this, calcium intake is still insufficient in many countries of the world. The study aims to provide information about dietary calcium intake of specific populations with bone fragility, with a particular focus on patients at risk of secondary osteoporosis due to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for breast cancer (BC). Methods: Data from 132 patients referred for the first time to the Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Diseases outpatient clinic of the Division of Endocrinology of the Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche (Ancona, Italy) were collected. Dietary calcium intake was assessed with a 7-day food frequency questionnaire; biochemical and densitometric parameters, osteoporosis etiology, and previous fragility fractures were also reported. Results: Patients were predominantly postmenopausal women, with severe osteoporosis (43.2%) or at risk of secondary osteoporosis (40.9%); 64.8% of patients evaluated for secondary osteoporosis were women on AET for BC. Total mean dietary calcium intake was 959 \u00b1 396 mg\/day. A lower intake was observed in younger patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (848 \u00b1 471 mg\/day, p = 0.03). Patients with normal bone mineral density (631 \u00b1 131 mg\/day), without fragility fractures (906 \u00b1 361), and evaluated for secondary osteoporosis (900 \u00b1 364 mg\/day) tended to have lower mean dietary calcium intake although without reaching statistical significance. Mean calcium intake was also lower than the recommended threshold in women on AET for BC (854 \u00b1 345 mg\/day). Conclusions: Patients with bone fragility should be more encouraged to increase their dietary calcium intake. Attention must be paid to women with BC on AET, who have high fracture risk and should not be discouraged a priori from consuming selected dairy products (low-fat and fermented ones) and alternative calcium dietary sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:19:08Z","timestamp":1790842748000},"page":"3239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Calcium Intake in Patients Evaluated for Bone Fragility, with a Focus on Women Receiving Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Firmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ciarloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Sabatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Gianfelice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Salvio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9410-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Agostinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Balercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberta","family":"Giacchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For the International Osteoporosis Foundation Calcium Steering Committee, Balk, E.M., Adam, G.P., Langberg, V.N., Earley, A., Clark, P., Ebeling, P.R., Mithal, A., Rizzoli, R., and Zerbini, C.A.F. (2017). Global Dietary Calcium Intake among Adults: A Systematic Review. Osteoporos. Int., 28, 3315\u20133324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4230-x"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2001.489","article-title":"Extracellular and Intracellular Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Bronner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10330","article-title":"Mechanisms of Intestinal Calcium Absorption","volume":"88","author":"Bronner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.855S","article-title":"Low Protein Intake: The Impact on Calcium and Bone Homeostasis in Humans","volume":"133","author":"Kerstetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1299651","article-title":"Calcium Bioavailability from Mineral Waters with Different Mineralization in Comparison to Milk and a Supplement","volume":"36","author":"Greupner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011000565","article-title":"The 2011 Report on Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D","volume":"14","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2016.870","article-title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis","volume":"68","author":"Rossini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannucci, L., Fossi, C., Quattrini, S., Guasti, L., Pampaloni, B., Gronchi, G., Giusti, F., Romagnoli, C., Cianferotti, L., and Marcucci, G. (2018). Calcium Intake in Bone Health: A Focus on Calcium-Rich Mineral Waters. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121930"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1210380","article-title":"Calcium Supplements and Fracture Prevention","volume":"369","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3717-1","article-title":"Associations of Dietary Calcium Intake with Metabolic Syndrome and Bone Mineral Density among the Korean Population: KNHANES 2008\u20132011","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007696402","article-title":"Calcium, Diet and Fracture Risk: A Prospective Study of 1898 Incident Fractures among 34 696 British Women and Men","volume":"10","author":"Key","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2515","article-title":"Higher Dietary Calcium Intakes Are Associated With Reduced Risks of Fractures, Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Men and Women","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2219","article-title":"Protective Association of Milk Intake on the Risk of Hip Fracture: Results from the Framingham Original Cohort","volume":"29","author":"Sahni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.35278","article-title":"The GLOBOCAN 2022 Cancer Estimates: Data Sources, Methods, and a Snapshot of the Cancer Burden Worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Filho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0089-9","article-title":"Progress in Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zardavas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102375","article-title":"Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Breast Cancer Treatments: A Systematic Review of Their Effects on Mortality","volume":"105","author":"Kerr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R111","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0077","article-title":"The Effects of Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy on Bone Health in Women with Breast Cancer","volume":"241","author":"Ramchand","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0277-9","article-title":"Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy and Bone Health in Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Clines","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01625-8","article-title":"The Effects of Osteoporotic and Non-Osteoporotic Medications on Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density","volume":"81","author":"Zillikens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Generali, D., Berardi, R., Caruso, M., Cazzaniga, M., Garrone, O., Minchella, I., Paris, I., Pinto, C., and De Placido, S. (2023). Aromatase Inhibitors: The Journey from the State of the Art to Clinical Open Questions. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1249160"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01832358","article-title":"A Case-Control Study of Breast Cancer among Japanese Women: With Special Reference to Family History and Reproductive and Dietary Factors","volume":"24","author":"Kato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27173","article-title":"Meat, Eggs, Dairy Products, and Risk of Breast Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Cohort","volume":"90","author":"Pala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33935","article-title":"Dairy Product Consumption and Risk of Cancer: A Short Report from the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"150","author":"Sellem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Tao, Q., Zhou, F., Si, Y., Fu, R., Xu, B., Xu, J., Li, X., and Chen, B. (2021). The Relationship between Dairy Products Intake and Breast Cancer Incidence: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08854-w"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa040","article-title":"Dietary Supplement Use among Adult Cancer Survivors in the United States","volume":"150","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovic, S., Ristic-Medic, D., Paunovic, M., Pokimica, B., Kojadinovic, M., Gojgic, M., Arsic, A., and Vucic, V. (2025). Preliminary Insights into Quality of Life and Dietary Intake in Patients with Breast Cancer on Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132154"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Unciti, M., Palacios Samper, N., M\u00e9ndez-Sandoval, S., Idoate, F., and Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Santos, J. (2023). Effect of Combining Impact-Aerobic and Strength Exercise, and Dietary Habits on Body Composition in Breast Cancer Survivors Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064872"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.03.012","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors for Early Breast Cancer","volume":"66","author":"Nogues","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2024.01.011","article-title":"Osteoporotic Fractures: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Significance From the International Working Group on DXA Best Practices","volume":"99","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01856-5","article-title":"Dietary Calcium Intake in a Cohort of Individuals Evaluated for Low Bone Mineral Density: A Multicenter Italian Study","volume":"33","author":"Cairoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caffarelli, C., Al Refaie, A., Mondillo, C., Cavati, G., Lora, A., Gennari, L., Nuti, R., and Gonnelli, S. (2025). Influence of Dietary Calcium Intake on Skeletal Health and Body Composition in an Italian Elderly Population. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132073"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1226-6","article-title":"Mortality after Osteoporotic Hip Fracture: Incidence, Trends, and Associated Factors","volume":"14","author":"Mazzucchelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.04.018","article-title":"Quality of Life after Hip Fracture in the Elderly: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"47","author":"Peeters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.09.011","article-title":"A Population-Based Estimate of the Prevalence of Behavioral Risk Factors among Adult Cancer Survivors and Noncancer Controls","volume":"40","author":"Coups","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.6217","article-title":"Cancer Survivors\u2019 Adherence to Lifestyle Behavior Recommendations and Associations With Health-Related Quality of Life: Results From the American Cancer Society\u2019s SCS-II","volume":"26","author":"Blanchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29488","article-title":"Diet Quality of Cancer Survivors and Noncancer Individuals: Results from a National Survey","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2024.102678","article-title":"Dietary Consumption Patterns in Breast Cancer Survivors: Pilot Evaluation of Diet, Supplements and Clinical Factors","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022219","article-title":"Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators\u2014Mechanisms of Action and Application to Clinical Practice","volume":"348","author":"Riggs","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.02.005","article-title":"Ovarian Ablation for Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Review of Treatment Considerations and the Impact of Premature Menopause","volume":"55","author":"Nourmoussavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0016","article-title":"History of Aromatase: Saga of an Important Biological Mediator and Therapeutic Target","volume":"30","author":"Santen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S29432","article-title":"Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Bone Loss and Its Management with Bisphosphonates in Patients with Breast Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Bauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.398","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Studies of Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"68","author":"Boyd","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000103274","article-title":"Dairy Products, Calcium and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results of the French SU.VI.MAX Prospective Study","volume":"51","author":"Bertrais","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0611","article-title":"Dairy, Calcium, and Vitamin D Intake and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort","volume":"14","author":"McCullough","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32527","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v60.32527","article-title":"Milk and Dairy Products: Good or Bad for Human Health? An Assessment of the Totality of Scientific Evidence","volume":"60","author":"Thorning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14900","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014900","article-title":"Milk and Yogurt Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, R., Flangea, C., Vlad, D.C., Cobec, I.M., Seropian, P., Marina, C.D., Vlad, T., Dumitrascu, A.L., and Puscasiu, D. (2025). Nutritional Impact on Breast Cancer in Menopausal and Post-Menopausal Patients Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010073"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk094","article-title":"Dietary Fat and Postmenopausal Invasive Breast Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort","volume":"99","author":"Thiebaut","year":"2007","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(97)90110-9","article-title":"Dairy Products and Breast Cancer: The IGF-I, Estrogen, and bGH Hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Outwater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.2.176","article-title":"Influence of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D on Diet-Induced Epithelial Cell Hyperproliferation in Mice","volume":"91","author":"Xue","year":"1999","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.03.026","article-title":"Association between Calcium Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"55","author":"Ghoreishy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:29:32Z","timestamp":1790843372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18193239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18193239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}