{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:47:06Z","timestamp":1791953226805,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity is associated with impaired skeletal muscle health and sarcopenic obesity. GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies induce weight loss, but accompanying reductions in fat-free or lean mass raise concerns about skeletal muscle loss. Conversely, reductions in adiposity, inflammation, insulin resistance, and intramuscular fat may be beneficial. Objective: This narrative review evaluated the effects of GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies on body composition, muscle quantity, composition and function, and their potential role in sarcopenia. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for clinical and experimental studies published primarily between 2016 and 2026. Results: Preclinical studies identified potentially protective mechanisms, including improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, and modulation of mitochondrial function and protein turnover, but some also indicated muscle loss or proteolysis. Clinical studies reported greater reductions in fat mass than in fat-free or lean mass, neither of which represents skeletal muscle exclusively. Direct muscle and functional outcomes were assessed in few studies and yielded mixed results. Incident sarcopenia was rarely evaluated. Conclusions: GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies may influence sarcopenia risk through competing pathways. Metabolic improvements may support muscle health, whereas energy restriction, inadequate protein intake, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and lean tissue loss may increase vulnerability. Current evidence is insufficient to determine their net effect on sarcopenia risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1790880204000},"page":"3247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLP-1-Based Pharmacotherapies and Skeletal Muscle Health in Obesity: A Narrative Review of Body Composition, Muscle Function, and Sarcopenia-Related Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Knapik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Fic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Polak-Szczyby\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-3-2","article-title":"Current treatments for patients with genetic obesity","volume":"15","author":"Faccioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, July 29). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.107035","article-title":"GLP-1-based medications: Mechanisms involved in obesity treatment","volume":"165","author":"Salvador","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156113","article-title":"Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists on body composition: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Karakasis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112924","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and sarcopenia: Weight loss at a cost? A brief narrative review","volume":"229","author":"Pantazopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences","volume":"144","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-025-00638-8","article-title":"Autolysosomal dysfunction in obesity-induced metabolic inflammation and related disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cheong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, D., and Mani, A. (2025). Obesity\u2019s systemic impact: Exploring molecular and physiological links to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and heart failure. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1681766"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Liu, S., and Zhang, C. (2022). The related metabolic diseases and treatments of obesity. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091616"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"B\u0105k-Sosnowska, M., Bia\u0142kowska, M., Bogda\u0144ski, P., Chomiuk, T., Ga\u0142\u0105zka-Sobotka, M., Holecki, M., Jarosi\u0144ska, A., Jezierska, M., Kami\u0144ski, P., and K\u0142oda, K. (2024). Zalecenia kliniczne dotycz\u0105ce post\u0119powania u chorych na oty\u0142o\u015b\u0107 2022\u2014Stanowisko Polskiego Towarzystwa Leczenia Oty\u0142o\u015bci. Med. Prakt. Wyd. Specj., 1\u201387."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220225","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0225","article-title":"Obesity and psychological distress","volume":"378","author":"Steptoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2023-0146","article-title":"Psychological considerations for the holistic management of obesity","volume":"23","author":"Dandgey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2022.29.4.4","article-title":"Natural food for sarcopenia: A narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Nazri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2022.37.e146","article-title":"A review of sarcopenia pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and future direction","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab884","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvae164","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae164","article-title":"Fundamental body composition principles provide context for fat-free and skeletal muscle loss with GLP-1 RA treatments","volume":"8","author":"Tinsley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15728","article-title":"Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies","volume":"26","author":"Neeland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70000","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70000","article-title":"Impact of adipose tissue and lipids on skeletal muscle in sarcopenia","volume":"16","author":"Jang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000521241","article-title":"Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement","volume":"15","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626085","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2026.2626085","article-title":"Endocrinological aspects of sarcopenic obesity","volume":"58","author":"Minnetti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240084","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-4292-2024-0084","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: A review","volume":"68","author":"Borba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e243604","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3604","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Mortality Among Older People","volume":"7","author":"Benz","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q.K. (2024). Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1431292"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvador, R., Guimar\u00e3es Moutinho, C., Sousa, C., Vinha, A.F., Carvalho, M., and Matos, C. (2025). Semaglutide as a GLP-1 agonist: A breakthrough in obesity treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030399"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-026-02133-z","article-title":"Research progress on the molecular mechanism and clinical evidence of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in improving sarcopenia","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llinares-Arvelo, V., Mart\u00ednez-Alberto, C.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Luis, A., Mac\u00eda-Heras, M., Siverio-Morales, O., Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.F., and Donate-Correa, J. (2025). Targeting Sarcopenia in CKD: The Emerging Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168096"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cignarelli, A., Genchi, V.A., Le Grazie, G., Caruso, I., Marrano, N., Biondi, G., D\u2019Oria, R., Sorice, G.P., Natalicchio, A., and Perrini, S. (2022). Mini Review: Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors on the Growth Hormone\/IGF Axis. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.846903"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02611-2","article-title":"Muscle loss and GLP-1R agonists use","volume":"63","author":"Rossi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, T., and Delafontaine, P. (2020). Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091970"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.05.016","article-title":"Effect of aerobic or resistance exercise, or both on insulin secretion, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in dieting older adults with obesity","volume":"51","author":"Colleluori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13910","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13910","article-title":"The effect of dietary weight-loss interventions on the inflammatory markers interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha in adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Bulmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadian Khonsari, N., Baygi, F., Tabatabaei-Malazy, O., Mohammadpoor Nami, S., Ehsani, A., Asadi, S., and Qorbani, M. (2023). Association of normal weight obesity phenotype with inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1044178"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch-Sierra, N., Grau-del Valle, C., Hermenejildo, J., Hermo-Argibay, A., Salazar, J.D., Garrido, M., Navajas-Porras, B., S\u00e1ez, G., Morillas, C., and Ba\u00f1uls, C. (2024). The Impact of Weight Loss on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function in Subjects with Obesity. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070870"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab240","article-title":"Weight Loss and Exercise Differentially Affect Insulin Sensitivity, Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscle Strength in Older Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"77","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckel, J., and Cl\u00e9ment, K. (2022). Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance: The Central Role of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. From Obesity to Diabetes, Springer. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99995-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-026-00777-x","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review on the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Simsek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-026-01123-2","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of muscle\u2013adipose tissue crosstalk driving sarcopenic obesity: An integrative review of human, animal, and in vitro models","volume":"23","author":"Seliem","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belan\u010di\u0107, A., Skro\u010de, K., Gkrinia, E.M.M., Marinovi\u0107 Glavi\u0107, M., and Kwok, M.K. (2026). Preventive Strategies to Reduce Sarcopenia Risk During GLP-1-Based Anti-Obesity Therapy. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15155870"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2025.101708","article-title":"GLP-1-derived therapies and sarcopenia: Plea for a specific focus on at-risk special populations","volume":"52","author":"Scheen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S340537","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Menopausal Women: Current Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Buckinx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, S., Hao, X., Xu, S., Jin, X., Liao, W., Xia, H., Wang, S., and Sun, G. (2025). Sarcopenia: Current Insights into Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Emerging Interventional Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146740"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100652","article-title":"Weighing the risk of GLP-1 treatment in older adults: Should we be concerned about sarcopenic obesity?","volume":"29","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.01.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of weight regain","volume":"93","author":"Busetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"bin Ahmed, A., and Ibrahim, A. (2024). A Comprehensive Review on Weight Gain following Discontinuation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity. J. Obes., 8056440.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8056440"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., He, W., Yang, G., Zhu, L., and Liu, X. (2024). The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14060344"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22493","article-title":"Weight Cycling as a Risk Factor for Low Muscle Mass and Strength in a Population of Males and Females with Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"339","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and weight loss-induced muscle mass loss","volume":"28","author":"Caturano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J., and Park, S. (2022). Sex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911980"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Wang, X., Xie, H., Zheng, S., Wu, X., Zhu, X., Zhang, X., Xue, S., Li, H., and Hong, W. (2019). Sex differences in the prevalence and adverse outcomes of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in community dwelling elderly in East China using the AWGS criteria. BMC Endocr. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0432-x"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107866","article-title":"Sex differences in the weight response to GLP-1RA in people with type 2 diabetes: A long-term longitudinal real-world study","volume":"219","author":"Marassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70063","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70063","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Efficacy of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/bcp.70487","article-title":"GLP-1 agonists and the gut microbiome: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"92","author":"Kamath","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K., Paul, S., and Dutta, C. (2017). Geography, Ethnicity or Subsistence-Specific Variations in Human Microbiome Composition and Diversity. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70495","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70495","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as a Mediator of Sarcopenic Obesity: Mechanisms, Modifiable Factors, and Healthcare Burden","volume":"70","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05065-8","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide vs once-daily canagliflozin on body composition in type 2 diabetes: A substudy of the SUSTAIN 8 randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"McCrimmon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.04.027","article-title":"Liraglutide 3 mg on weight, body composition, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled-phase 3 study","volume":"118","author":"Chappell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"9908","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of semaglutide on weight loss, body composition, and muscle strength in Chinese adults","volume":"27","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozeki, Y., Masaki, T., Kamata, A., Miyamoto, S., Yoshida, Y., Okamoto, M., Gotoh, K., and Shibata, H. (2022). The effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide on body composition in elderly obese diabetic patients: A pilot study. Medicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9090047"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02526-x","article-title":"Semaglutide in HFpEF across obesity class and by body weight reduction: A prespecified analysis of the STEP-HFpEF trial","volume":"29","author":"Borlaug","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70141","article-title":"Impact of semaglutide on fat mass, lean mass and muscle function in patients with obesity: The SEMALEAN study","volume":"28","author":"Alissou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae384","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on muscle structure and function in the SLIM LIVER study","volume":"80","author":"Ditzenberger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volpe, S., Lisco, G., Fanelli, M., Racaniello, D., Colaianni, V., Triggiani, D., Donghia, R., Crudele, L., Rinaldi, R., and Sabb\u00e0, C. (2022). Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide improves fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 52-week prospective real-life study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214673"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S531778","article-title":"Semaglutide Therapy and Accelerated Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A 24-Month Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"19","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13445","article-title":"Effect of liraglutide on thigh muscle fat and muscle composition in adults with overweight or obesity: Results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0525-y","article-title":"Liraglutide and obesity in elderly: Efficacy in fat loss and safety in order to prevent sarcopenia. A perspective case series study","volume":"28","author":"Perna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.04.019","article-title":"Skeletal muscle regulates metabolism via interorgan crosstalk: Roles in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000934","article-title":"Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on body composition","volume":"32","author":"Bhandarkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S425642","article-title":"GLP-1RA liraglutide and semaglutide improves obesity-induced muscle atrophy via SIRT1 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S381546","article-title":"An effective glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, semaglutide, improves sarcopenic obesity in obese mice by modulating skeletal muscle metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000807","article-title":"Hypoglycemic drug liraglutide alleviates low muscle mass by inhibiting the expression of MuRF1 and MAFbx in diabetic muscle atrophy","volume":"86","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12434","article-title":"Amelioration of muscle wasting by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in muscle atrophy","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeromson, S., Baranowski, B., Akcan, M., Waters, B.D., Eisner, K., Bellucci, A., Trang, S., Abolhassani, A., Tello-Palencia, M.A., and Schweitzer, A. (2025). Semaglutide impacts skeletal muscle to a similar extent as caloric restriction in mice with diet-induced obesity. J. Physiol., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1113\/JP289449"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0078","article-title":"Exendin-4 increases oxygen consumption and thermogenic gene expression in muscle cells","volume":"58","author":"Choung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24274","article-title":"Semaglutide-induced weight loss improves mitochondrial energy efficiency in skeletal muscle","volume":"33","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70254","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70254","article-title":"Mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle following incretin-based therapies: In Vitro","volume":"17","author":"Old","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.03.020","article-title":"Absorption, metabolism and excretion of the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide in humans and nonclinical species","volume":"104","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140532","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140532","article-title":"Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist","volume":"5","author":"Willard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113842","article-title":"Does receptor balance matter?\u2014Comparing the efficacies of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists cagrilintide and KBP-336 on metabolic parameters in preclinical models","volume":"156","author":"Larsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:10:58Z","timestamp":1791951058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18193247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18193247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}