{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:51:13Z","timestamp":1791903073415,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Guidance on protein and physical activity rests on population-wide minima with little differentiation by age or disease. We examined how protein intake and resistance training relate to muscle, function and mortality across clinical populations. Methods: PRISMA-guided rapid review: Fifty-eight logged PubMed queries returned 7544 unique records for screening (the analytic corpus); Europe PMC, Semantic Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov were tested for coverage only. Estimates were extracted by a deterministic script and adjudicated by the authors; random-effects models were fitted within strata sharing an effect measure and contrast, and randomized evidence was tabulated, not pooled. Screening was single-reviewer outside a duplicate-screened sample (889 records); risk of bias was rated in duplicate. Results: In randomized trials, added protein increased strength with resistance training (+2.01%) but not without it (+0.13%); no trial of protein with resistance training reported mortality. Meeting activity guidelines was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.72\u20130.79; k = 16; I2 = 64%; low certainty). Plant protein was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.76, 0.63\u20130.93; k = 4; very low certainty). After excluding studies at high risk of bias, the protein strata fell to single studies. The direction of protein\u2013outcome associations differed between populations. Conclusions: Protein with resistance training is a plausible strategy for preserving muscle and function; effects on survival are untested, and population-specific protein ranges are provisional and hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18193259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:14:56Z","timestamp":1790936096000},"page":"3259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein Intake and Resistance Training Across Clinical Populations: A PRISMA-Guided Rapid Review of Observational and Randomized Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"D\u00e9zsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5334-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Guly\u00e1s-Oldal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9576-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterine","family":"Paschali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2670-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imre","family":"G\u00e1l\u00f3czi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9803-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"Szili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Regional Sciences and Business Administration, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 1, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and United Nations University (2007). Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO\/UNU Expert Consultation, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43411."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. EFSA J., 10, 2557.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2557"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group","volume":"14","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.04.007","article-title":"Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group","volume":"33","author":"Deutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16012","article-title":"Characterizing body composition modifying effects of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-based agonist: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0533","article-title":"Leisure time physical activity and mortality: A detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship","volume":"175","author":"Arem","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0550","article-title":"Protein \u201crequirements\u201d beyond the RDA: Implications for optimizing health","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097608","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults","volume":"52","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Sayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.10.004","article-title":"Dose-response association of an accelerometer-measured physical activity with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease incidence: Prospective cohort with 76,074 participants","volume":"87","author":"Calatayud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald, C. (2026). Beyond the bare minimum: The case for revised physical activity guidelines and protein intake recommendations that maximise healthspan. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1853124"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx345","article-title":"Does Strength-Promoting Exercise Confer Unique Health Benefits? A Pooled Analysis of Data on 11 Population Cohorts with All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality Endpoints","volume":"187","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980026103267","article-title":"Dietary intake of total protein, animal- and plant-based protein is associated with a lower likelihood of having sarcopenic obesity in 14 816 middle- and older-aged men and women of the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort","volume":"29","author":"Baabbad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00062","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00062-2015","article-title":"Physical activity assessed in routine care predicts mortality after a COPD hospitalisation","volume":"2","author":"Moy","year":"2016","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03204-3","article-title":"Association of biological age acceleration with mortality in adults with diabetes or prediabetes: A mediating role of physical activity","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70378","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.70378","article-title":"Association Between Comprehensive Health Assessment and Cardiac Mortality and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Wijarnpreecha, K., Dennis, B.B., Cholankeril, G., and Ahmed, A. (2023). Types of Physical Activity in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051923"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Dong, X., Ding, M., Yang, Q., and Kong, T. (2025). Association between physical activity and all-cause mortality in patients with depression: A prospective cohort study based on NHANES data. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1518255"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J.P., and Borm, G.F. (2014). The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1316","article-title":"A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Hippel, P.T. (2015). The heterogeneity statistic I(2) can be biased in small meta-analyses. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0024-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1240","article-title":"Power analysis for random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group offers evidence-informed guidance to conduct rapid reviews","volume":"130","author":"Garritty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076335","article-title":"Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness","volume":"384","author":"Garritty","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y., Jang, H., Kwon, S., and Oh, H. (2023). Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and flexibility physical activity and risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A population-based prospective cohort of Korean adults. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15969-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26356-8","article-title":"Dose\u2013response relationship between physical activity and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae120","article-title":"Self-reported physical activity properties and 20-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"101","author":"Moshkovits","year":"2025","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003485","article-title":"Associations of total, domain-specific, and intensity-specific physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in China: A population-based cohort study","volume":"139","author":"Ke","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.20463\/jenb.2016.0054","article-title":"Association between Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines and Mortality in Korean Adults: An 8-year Prospective Study","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-25-0608","article-title":"Impact of Physical Activity on Metastatic Cancer at Diagnosis and Mortality: Results from the Lifelines Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Bos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00640","article-title":"Association of Weekend Warrior and Other Physical Activity Patterns with Mortality Among Adults with Diabetes: A Cohort Study","volume":"178","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2305153","article-title":"Association between Physical Activity and the Risk of Mortality and Hospitalization in Older Korean Adults with Heart Failure","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01350-6","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and all-cause mortality in long-term cancer survivors: A population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Chen, B., Qin, M., Yang, J., Hu, M., Zeng, J., Fan, M., Wang, K., Chang, L., and Xu, S. (2025). Joint effects of physical activity and sleep quality on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in stroke survivors: A population-based cohort study from the UK-Biobank. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22588-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-020-00194-5","article-title":"Ethnic and biological differences in the association between physical activity and survival after breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108047","article-title":"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: An umbrella review and meta-analysis","volume":"185","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2024.105356","article-title":"Dose-Response Relationships of Daily Steps with Disability Incidence and All-Cause Mortality Stratified by Age and Physical Frailty","volume":"26","author":"Shimoda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-026-01876-2","article-title":"Vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) and mortality risk among US adults: A wearables-based national cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Koemel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-110503","article-title":"Long-term resistance training with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Assessing dose-response and joint associations with aerobic physical activity","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhuang, L., Wang, H., Li, A., Chen, L., and Liu, L. (2024). Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010152"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2412","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2412","article-title":"Dietary intake of total, animal, and plant proteins and risk of all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"370","author":"Naghshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.03.008","article-title":"Associations of dietary protein intake with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015553","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015553","article-title":"Association of Major Dietary Protein Sources with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4182","article-title":"Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality","volume":"176","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00607-6","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Results from the Rotterdam Study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111564","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A multicenter, prospective cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., Woo, K., and Kim, K. (2024). Association of Protein Intake with Sarcopenia and Related Indicators Among Korean Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244350"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afz142","article-title":"Protein intake and transitions between frailty states and to death in very old adults: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"49","author":"Kingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14812","article-title":"Associations between in-hospital daily protein intake and adverse clinical outcomes in older patients with heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Katano","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100727","article-title":"Associations between High Protein Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases by Age Groups: A Cohort Study","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e269575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.9575","article-title":"Protein Intake and Kidney Outcomes in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Over 15 Years","volume":"9","author":"Beberashvili","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Li, Q., Jia, R., He, W., Zhao, X., Pan, M., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., and Hou, H. (2025). Type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease benefits from long-term restriction of dietary protein intake: A 10-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01119-w"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, D., Machida, S., Matsumoto, N., Shibagaki, Y., and Sakurada, T. (2018). Age Modifies the Association of Dietary Protein Intake with All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111744"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"CD014906","article-title":"Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease","volume":"1","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106665","article-title":"Optimal delivery of enteral protein in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"61","author":"Summers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, P., L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, J.J., Izaola-Jauregui, O., Gonz\u00e1lez-Guti\u00e9rrez, J., Est\u00e9vez-Asensio, L., P\u00e9rez-Mellen, I., L\u00f3pez-Andr\u00e9s, E., Primo-Mart\u00edn, D., Delgado-Garc\u00eda, E., and Jim\u00e9nez-Sahag\u00fan, R. (2025). Relationship Between Oral Intake and Sarcopenia in Patients with Disease-Related Malnutrition. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132129"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.07.028","article-title":"Influence of protein intake on the changes in skeletal muscle mass after kidney transplantation","volume":"41","author":"Kosoku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, S.S., Chang, J.W., and Park, Y. (2017). Nutritional Status Predicts 10-Year Mortality in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040399"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03234-5","article-title":"Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: An umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the German Nutrition Society","volume":"63","author":"Schulze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, M., Li, Y., Wang, C., Mao, Z., Zhou, W., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Cui, S., and Li, L. (2019). Dietary Protein Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: ADose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112783"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickering, R.T., Yiannakou, I., Lara-Castor, L., Bradlee, M.L., Singer, M.R., and Moore, L.L. (2024). Individual and Joint Associations Between Animal and Plant Protein Intakes with Impaired Fasting Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes in the Framingham Offspring Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010083"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0350-5","article-title":"Association between dietary protein intake and type 2 diabetes varies by dietary pattern","volume":"10","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Rimm, E.B., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S.E., Borgi, L., Willett, W.C., Manson, J.E., Sun, Q., and Hu, F.B. (2016). Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002039"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.06.007","article-title":"Long-term animal-protein consumption is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes among the elderly: The Mediterranean Islands (MEDIS) study","volume":"36","author":"Pounis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirmiran, P., Bahadoran, Z., Gaeini, Z., and Azizi, F. (2021). Habitual intake of dietary L-arginine in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00774-x"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007690","article-title":"Dairy foods and dairy proteins in the management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the clinical evidence","volume":"6","author":"Pasin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.027","article-title":"Association between protein intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"43","author":"Tabaeifard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.007","article-title":"The relation of dietary protein intake before and during the pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"43","author":"Hajhashemy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03517-1","article-title":"Dietary protein in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"83","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103200","article-title":"Relationship between preconception protein intake and gestational diabetes mellitus: The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study","volume":"19","author":"Omoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3485","article-title":"Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults-the Generation 100 study: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"371","author":"Stensvold","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"CD001800","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"11","author":"Dibben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"CD003331","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Molloy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1311","article-title":"Impact of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure (ExTraMATCH II) on mortality and hospitalisation: An individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4636-y","article-title":"Efficacy of Different Types of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Coronary Heart Disease: A Network Meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab355","article-title":"Protein interventions augment the effect of resistance exercise on appendicular lean mass and handgrip strength in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"115","author":"Kirwan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00508-w","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Increased Total Protein Intake and Strength Training on Muscle Strength: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"8","author":"Tagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.23076","article-title":"Improved Muscle Mass and Function with Protein Supplementation in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Liu, G., Huang, X., and He, F. (2025). Effects of protein supplementation on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults with physical inactivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05885-x"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7672","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.70996","article-title":"Effects of High-Protein Diets on Renal Function and Body Composition in Adults Without Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Su, X., Xu, B., Qiao, X., and Wang, L. (2018). Effect of diet protein restriction on progression of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206134"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"CD001892","article-title":"Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab417","article-title":"No additional benefit of prescribing a very low-protein diet in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease under regular nephrology care: A pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1007-6","article-title":"Efficacy of low-protein diet in diabetic nephropathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108530","article-title":"Effects of muscle strength training combined with aerobic training versus aerobic training alone on cardiovascular disease risk indicators in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"58","author":"Terada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13225","article-title":"Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102325","article-title":"The effect of dose, frequency, and timing of protein supplementation on muscle mass in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Hettiarachchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, Y.J., Lee, H.S., Park, G.E., Kim, H.M., Lee, J.J., Kim, W.J., and Lee, J.W. (2022). The Association Between Total Protein Intake and All-Cause Mortality in Middle Aged and Older Korean Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.850109"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30455-9","article-title":"Differences in all-cause mortality risk associated with animal and plant dietary protein sources consumption","volume":"13","author":"Haghighatdoost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03212D","article-title":"Association between adequate dietary protein and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with selective glomerular hypofiltration syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45670","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045670","article-title":"Association between dietary protein intake and all-cause mortality among individuals with different estimated glomerular filtration rates: A cohort study from NHANES","volume":"104","author":"Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108602","article-title":"A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E)","volume":"186","author":"Higgins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103464","article-title":"Efficacy of lifestyle modification combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists on body weight and cardiometabolic biomarkers in individuals with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-026-00777-x","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review on the Risk of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Simsek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399816666200705210006","article-title":"Effects of Antidiabetic Drugs on Muscle Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, B., Milstead, M., Thomas, O., McGlasson, T., Green, L., Kreider, R., and Jones, R. (2025). Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: A cross-sectional study. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1566498"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambrano-Villacres, R., Campuzano-Donoso, M., Reytor-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Rossetti, G., Cobellis, L., Cobellis, F., Pilone, V., Simancas-Racines, D., and Schiavo, L. (2026). Nutrition-First Support for GLP-1 and Dual Incretin Therapy in Obesity: A Practical Framework for Dietary Management, Symptom Tolerability, and Long-Term Weight Maintenance. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111751"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, M.I., Xhuti, D., de Maat, N.M., Hettinga, B.P., and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2024). Obesity and Metabolic Disease Impair the Anabolic Response to Protein Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: A Retrospective Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial with Implications for Aging, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Weight Management. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244407"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116911","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2026-116911","article-title":"LEAN mass Preservation with Resistance Exercise and Protein during semaglutide and tirzepatide therapy (LEAN-PREP study): A protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Alawadhi","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Qiu, Y., Gan, C., Zhou, Y., Chen, T., and Liang, M. (2025). The association between a dietary index for the gut microbiota and frailty in older adults: Emphasising the mediating role of inflammatory indicators. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1562278"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"703","article-title":"Association of the Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota with Severity, Renal Function, and Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pbad010","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbad010","article-title":"Investigating association between gut microbiota and sarcopenia-related traits: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"glae173","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae173","article-title":"Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Metabolites, and Sarcopenia: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13569","article-title":"Associations between gut microbiota and sarcopenia or its defining parameters in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Lapauw","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101773","article-title":"Comparison between frail and non-frail older adults\u2019 gut microbiota: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12922","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults","volume":"13","author":"Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2026.100862","article-title":"Exercise and nutritional interventions for sarcopenia-related fall prevention in older adults: An umbrella review","volume":"30","author":"Dharmansyah","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13263","article-title":"Association of muscle wasting with mortality risk among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.06.008","article-title":"Is sarcopenia associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and functional disability?","volume":"96","author":"Kelley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.03.095","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Mortality, Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2023.116975","article-title":"Effect of osteosarcopenia on longitudinal mortality risk and chronic kidney disease progression in older adults","volume":"179","author":"Nakano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23512","article-title":"Effect of low skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenic obesity on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"75","article-title":"Dietary leucine intake and sarcopenia: From isolated supplementation to combined strategies","volume":"29","author":"Walrand","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad018","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad018","article-title":"Higher dietary protein intake is associated with sarcopenia in older British twins","volume":"52","author":"Bowyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Wang, M., Long, Z., Ye, J., Cao, Y., Pei, B., Gao, Y., Yu, Y., Han, Z., and Wang, F. (2023). How to Keep the Balance between Red and Processed Meat Intake and Physical Activity Regarding Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153373"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"887","article-title":"Association of Dietary Pattern during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study in Northern China","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2026.106654","article-title":"Isocaloric substitution of animal protein with plant protein and its impact on all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Alberti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2806","article-title":"Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Japanese Cohort","volume":"179","author":"Budhathoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpouzi, C., Kosmidis, I., Petridou, A., Voulgaridou, G., Papadopoulou, S.K., Bogdanis, G.C., and Mougios, V. (2025). Effects of Protein Supplementation During High-Intensity Functional Training on Physical Performance in Recreationally Trained Males and Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091441"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120007934","article-title":"Important determinants to take into account to optimize protein nutrition in the elderly: Solutions to a complex equation","volume":"80","author":"Dardevet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, H., Xiang, R., Song, X., Qu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, T., Xia, M., Zhong, Y., Chen, Z., and Ju, Y. (2026). Dietary protein intake, inflammatory biomarkers, genetic susceptibility, and the incidence of sarcopenia: A prospective population-based study. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1821758"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary patterns and low protein intake on sarcopenia risk in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"39","author":"Granic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0189-4","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and exercise","volume":"14","author":"Kerksick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20909","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20909","article-title":"Minimum load threshold in resistance training: Insights into muscle metabolism, excitation, and fatigue across the repetition continuum","volume":"14","author":"Colosio","year":"2026","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd11.140007","article-title":"Sociodemographic correlates of meeting US Department of Health and Human Services muscle strengthening recommendations in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"11","author":"Vezina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0199","article-title":"Occupational Physical Activity and Mortality Risk: Evidence From a Nationally Representative US Sample (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132006)","volume":"23","author":"Quinn","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"77","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2026.102941","article-title":"Diabetes and sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: Moving beyond a \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d approach","volume":"72","author":"Duarte","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IJmker-Hemink, V., Moolhuijzen, N., Wanten, G., and van den Berg, M. (2021). High Frequency Protein-Rich Meal Service to Promote Protein Distribution to Stimulate Muscle Function in Preoperative Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041232"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz106","article-title":"Protein Intake Greater than the RDA Differentially Influences Whole-Body Lean Mass Responses to Purposeful Catabolic and Anabolic Stressors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hudson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravelli, M.N., and Schoeller, D.A. (2020). Traditional Self-Reported Dietary Instruments Are Prone to Inaccuracies and New Approaches Are Needed. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00090"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieleking, R., Schneidewind, L., Kanyamibwa, A., Hartmann, H., Horstmann, A., Witte, A.V., and Medawar, E. (2023). Nutrient scoring for the DEGS1-FFQ\u2014From food intake to nutrient intake. BMC Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00636-2"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273497","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2273497","article-title":"AI-based digital image dietary assessment methods compared to humans and ground truth: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54557","DOI":"10.2196\/54557","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications to Measure Food and Nutrient Intakes: Scoping Review","volume":"26","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52074","DOI":"10.2196\/52074","article-title":"Tailored Prompting to Improve Adherence to Image-Based Dietary Assessment: Mixed Methods Study","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanabe, H., and Yanai, K. (2025). Reasoning-Driven Food Energy Estimation via Multimodal Large Language Models. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071128"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, P., Marques, E.A., Leal, D.V., Ferreira, A., Wilund, K.R., and Viana, J.L. (2021). Association between physical activity and mortality in end-stage kidney disease: A systematic review of observational studies. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02407-w"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04301-4","article-title":"The effects of soy protein and soy isoflavones intake on chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Zhixiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Zhu, T., Yang, G., Zhao, L., Li, F., Park, Y.M., Tabung, F.K., Steck, S.E., Li, X., and Wang, H. (2022). The Isocaloric Substitution of Plant-Based and Animal-Based Protein in Relation to Aging-Related Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020272"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capurso, C. (2021). Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082540"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:28:50Z","timestamp":1791901730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/19\/3259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18193259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18193259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}