{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:21:50Z","timestamp":1790774510000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,9]],"date-time":"2010-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Around one in four people suffer from mental illness at some stage in their lifetime. There is increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), for optimal brain development and function. Hence in recent decades, researchers have explored effects of n-3 PUFA on mental health problems over the lifespan, from developmental disorders in childhood, to depression, aggression, and schizophrenia in adulthood, and cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in late adulthood. This review provides an updated overview of the published and the registered clinical trials that investigate effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on mental health and behavior, highlighting methodological differences and issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2020128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,10]],"date-time":"2010-02-10T11:29:30Z","timestamp":1265801370000},"page":"128-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Sinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Milte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R. C.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2004). Prevention of mental disorders: Effective interventions and policy options, Presented at World Health Organisation."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"377","article-title":"Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain, part 1: micronutrients","volume":"10","author":"Bourre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"386","article-title":"Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain, part 2: macronutrients","volume":"10","author":"Bourre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"568","article-title":"Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, H.R., Kanarek, R.B., and Prasad, C. (2005). Nutritional Neuroscience, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367800260"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Crawford, M.A., and Sinclair, A.J. (1971). ASP (Elsevier; Excerpta Medica; North-Holland)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Watson, R. (2009). Fatty Acids in Health Promotion and Disease, AOCS press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Available online:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/trialsearch\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.3.438","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development","volume":"54","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","article-title":"The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/S11745-000-0595-x","article-title":"n-3 fatty acid deficiency decreases phosphatidylserine accumulation selectively in neuronal tissues","volume":"35","author":"Hamilton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1999.0495","article-title":"Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)","volume":"40","author":"Horrocks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0805-6","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"36","author":"Salem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simopoulos, A.P., Kifer, R.R., and Martin, R.E. (1986). Health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in seafoods, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/116.12.2350"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01172-2","article-title":"The administration of pig brain phospholipids versus soybean phospholipids in the diet during the period of brain development in the rat results in greater increments of brain docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"335","author":"Bourre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34485-0","article-title":"Specific phospholipid fatty acid composition of brain regions in mice: effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency and phospholipid supplementation","volume":"41","author":"Bourre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01475.x","article-title":"Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on myelin and various subcellular structures in rat brain","volume":"19","author":"Galli","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(97)00295-7","article-title":"Fatty acids and brain peptides","volume":"19","author":"Yehuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00074-X","article-title":"The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane","volume":"23","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.1.40","article-title":"Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"78","author":"Tiemeier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yic.0000224790.98534.11","article-title":"Fish oil and mental health: the role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cognitive development and neurological disorders","volume":"21","author":"Assisi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800308","article-title":"Essential fatty acids and the brain","volume":"48","author":"Haag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2005001","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"45","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simopoulos, A.P., and Pavlou, K.N. (2001). Nutrition and Fitness: Diet, Genes, Physical Activity and Health, Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-318-00688-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00151-5","article-title":"The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Horrobin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(00)00013-7","article-title":"Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications","volume":"18","author":"Youdim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.07.005","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission","volume":"75","author":"Chalon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0804-7","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral function: Focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission","volume":"36","author":"Chalon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(00)00017-5","article-title":"The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina","volume":"40","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00141-3","article-title":"Essential fatty acids predict metabolites of serotonin and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid among healthy control subjects, and early- and late-onset acoholics","volume":"44","author":"Hibbeln","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"132","article-title":"Opioid Peptides","volume":"21","author":"Froehlich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res. World"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.11.1264","article-title":"Differential effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on vascular reactivity of the forearm microcirculation in hyperlipidemic, overweight men","volume":"102","author":"Mori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00932.x","article-title":"Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"81","author":"Lavialle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.9.2241","article-title":"(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency reduces the expression of both isoforms of the brain glucose transporter GLUT1 in rats","volume":"135","author":"Pifferi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bihy.2008.02.003","article-title":"Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function","volume":"1","author":"Sinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.081","article-title":"Fatty acids, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer pathology","volume":"585","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Watson, R.R. (2009). Fatty Acids in Health Promotion and Disease Causation, AOCS Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260600583031","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00107.x","article-title":"Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"66","author":"Sinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"391","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression","volume":"16","author":"Sinclair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649109540500","article-title":"Maturation of the human frontal lobes. Physiological evidence for staging","volume":"7","author":"Thatcher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.007","article-title":"Mapping brain maturation","volume":"29","author":"Toga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90167-4","article-title":"Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine","volume":"25","author":"Arnold","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.327S","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"71","author":"Burgess","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.01.008","article-title":"Dietary patterns and blood fatty acid composition in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(81)90014-1","article-title":"A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children","volume":"7","author":"Colquhoun","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288702600805","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children","volume":"26","author":"Mitchell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-1746(83)90006-9","article-title":"Essential fatty acids and maladjusted behaviour in children","volume":"12","author":"Mitchell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)02207-4","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.761","article-title":"Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"62","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916467","article-title":"The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children","volume":"15","author":"Aman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.116050","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"139","author":"Voigt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Glen, A.I.M., Peet, M., and Horrobin, D.F. (2003). Phospholipid Spectrum Disorders in Psychiatry and Neurology, Marius Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601830","article-title":"Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder - a placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"58","author":"Hirayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.1.15","article-title":"Brain cell and tissue recovery in rats made deficient in n-3 fatty acids by alteration of dietary fat","volume":"119","author":"Bourre","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)31666-7","article-title":"Reversal of docosahexaenoic acid deficiency in the rat brain, retina, liver, and serum","volume":"42","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00254-8","article-title":"A randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD-related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties","volume":"26","author":"Richardson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-006-1155-0","article-title":"EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors","volume":"38","author":"Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2164","article-title":"The Oxford-Durham study: a randomised, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder","volume":"115","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/01.DBP.0000267558.88457.a5","article-title":"Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on ADHD-related problems with attention and behavior","volume":"28","author":"Sinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.04.004","article-title":"Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Sinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2007.08.002","article-title":"Physical fatty acid deficiency signs in children with ADHD symptoms","volume":"77","author":"Sinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708316261","article-title":"Omega-3\/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Milte, C., Sinn, N., Buckley, J.D., Coates, A.M., Young, R.M., and Howe, P.R.C. Erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids, cognition and literacy in children with ADHD and learning difficulties, In preparation."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Sinn, N., Milte, C., Coates, A.M., Buckley, J.D., Young, R.M., and Howe, P.R.C. Childhood behaviour and learning disorders respond to changes in erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid content, Presented at Nutrition Society of Australia, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, 2009."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2004.03.008","article-title":"Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders","volume":"71","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2000.0186","article-title":"Red blood cell fatty acid compositions in a patient with autistic spectrum disorder: a characteristic abnormality in neurodevelopmental disorders?","volume":"63","author":"Bell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501801003","article-title":"A biochemical approach to the problem of dyslexia","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Learn Disabil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199710)10:7<309::AID-NBM484>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Abnormal cerebral phospholipid metabolism in dyslexia indicated by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Richardson","year":"1997","journal-title":"NMR in Biomed."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2000.0184","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism in neurodevelopmental disorder: a new perspective on associations between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, dyspraxia and the autistic spectrum","volume":"63","author":"Richardson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostaglandin Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.323S","article-title":"Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia","volume":"71","author":"Stordy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2000.0195","article-title":"Dyslexia in adults is associated with clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2000.0197","article-title":"Visual function, fatty acids and dyslexia","volume":"63","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2001.0281","article-title":"Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children","volume":"65","author":"Vancassel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002171","article-title":"n-3 fatty acids for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"61","author":"Belluzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-002-0071-6","article-title":"Autism and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"4","author":"Horvath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0718c","article-title":"Evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid is effective in treating autism","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Patrick, L., and Salik, R. Available online:www.nordicnaturals.com\/images\/pdfs\/PatrickStudy05.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.007","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: A double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"61","author":"Amminger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:1<26::AID-MRDD6>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Behavioral Neuropharmacology","volume":"4","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ment. Retard Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2003.11.003","article-title":"Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation I: Reliability","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelps, L., Brown, R.T., and Power, T.J. (2002). Pediatric psychopharmacology: Combining medical and psychosocial interventions, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10443-000"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(03)00152-8","article-title":"Is mental retardation a defect of synapse structure and function?","volume":"29","author":"Chechlacz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7750(06)32006-X","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids: Implications for interventions with persons with mental retardation from research on infant cognitive development, ADHD, and other developmental disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Sinn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Res. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79168-6","article-title":"Fish consumption and major depression","volume":"351","author":"Hibbeln","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.1.1","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: When cholesterol does not satisfy","volume":"62","author":"Hibbeln","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.5.404","article-title":"International variations in the outcome of schizophrenia and the prevalence of depression in relation to national dietary practices: an ecological analysis","volume":"184","author":"Peet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.512","article-title":"Fish consumption, depression, and suicidality in a general population \/ in reply","volume":"58","author":"Tanskanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.4.529","article-title":"Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland","volume":"52","author":"Tanskanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.1999.0037","article-title":"Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis","volume":"60","author":"Horrobin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00830.x","article-title":"Altered omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status in depressed post-myocardial infarction patients","volume":"115","author":"Schins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.021","article-title":"Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes","volume":"55","author":"Julien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02637069","article-title":"Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.12.009","article-title":"Fatty acids and homocysteine levels in patients with recurrent depression: an explorative pilot study","volume":"70","author":"Assies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.02.001","article-title":"Lowered serum n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels predict the occurrence of postpartum depression: Further evidence that lowered n-PUFAs are related to major depression","volume":"73","author":"Christophe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)00166-3","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients","volume":"48","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Affective Disord."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00014-1","article-title":"Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients","volume":"85","author":"Maes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00206-0","article-title":"Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients","volume":"43","author":"Peet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.026","article-title":"Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the postmorten orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"62","author":"McNamara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2001.tb11122.x","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid in treatment-resistant depression associated with symptom remission, structural brain changes and reduced neuronal phospholipid turnover","volume":"55","author":"Puri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"57","article-title":"The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders","volume":"9","author":"Stahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.913","article-title":"A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs","volume":"59","author":"Peet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.3.477","article-title":"Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder","volume":"159","author":"Nemets","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.6.1098","article-title":"Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: A controlled, double blind pilot study","volume":"163","author":"Nemets","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(03)00032-4","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701827275","article-title":"Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Jazayeri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26749","article-title":"Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0418","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: Results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00660.x","article-title":"Randomized dose-ranging pilot trial of omega-3 fatty acids for postpartum depression","volume":"113","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.996","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acic in the treatment of major depression","volume":"160","author":"Marangell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2004.11.004","article-title":"Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in the treatment of depression","volume":"72","author":"Silvers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.06.004","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Grenyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Meyer, B., Grenyer, B.F.S., Crowe, T., Owen, A.J., and Howe, P.R.C. Improvement of major depression is associated with increased erythrocyte DHA - subset analysis in a double-blind omega-3 supplementation trial, Presented at International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids (ISSFAL), Brighton, UK 2004."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1857","article-title":"Omega-3 supplementation in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Basun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1487","article-title":"Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"302","author":"Carney","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507801097","article-title":"No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Rogers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.3.706","article-title":"Effect of fish-oil supplementation on mental well-being in older subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"88","author":"Geleijnse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.08.021","article-title":"Deficits in docosahexaenoic acid and associated elevations in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"160","author":"McNamara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.5.407","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder","volume":"56","author":"Stoll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0608","article-title":"Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: Report of a small open-label study","volume":"66","author":"Osher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.188.1.46","article-title":"Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"188","author":"Frangou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.056","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder","volume":"60","author":"Keck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106067787","article-title":"Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"21","author":"Frangou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.161.10.1922","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder","volume":"161","author":"Hirashima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19834","article-title":"Cholesterol, essential fatty acids, and suicide","volume":"35","author":"Brunner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.022707","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"190","author":"Hallahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00092-X","article-title":"Essential fatty acids, lipid membrane abnormalities, and the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Fenton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillbrand, M., and Spitz, R.T. (1997). Lipids, health, and behavior, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10259-000"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.08.020","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia and depression: rationale and preliminary double-blind clinical results","volume":"69","author":"Peet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.2.188","article-title":"Sustained remission of positive and negative symptoms of schizphrenia following treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid","volume":"55","author":"Puri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00284-0","article-title":"Supplementation with a combination of w-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Arvindakshan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00986-0","article-title":"Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group","volume":"49","author":"Assies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.09.036","article-title":"Opposite changes in predominantly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cerebrospinal fluid and red blood cells from never-medicated first-episode psychotic patients","volume":"98","author":"Kale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(96)90148-9","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary supplementation","volume":"55","author":"Peet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.08.018","article-title":"Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations in red blood cell membranes relate to schizotypal traits in healthy adults","volume":"69","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02637070","article-title":"Fatty acids and schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Laugharne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.9.1596","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled study of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid as supplemental treatment in schizophrenia","volume":"159","author":"Emsley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00083-9","article-title":"Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Peet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00048-6","article-title":"A dose-ranging exploratory study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with persistent schizophrenic symptoms","volume":"36","author":"Peet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2071","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Fenton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.188","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid for schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Horrobin","year":"2003","journal-title":"A. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01549-4","article-title":"Smoking, gender, and dietary influences on erythrocyte essential fatty acid composition among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder","volume":"53","author":"Hibbeln","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1206","article-title":"Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.192","article-title":"Long-chain \u03c9-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders","volume":"67","author":"Amminger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2004.03.006","article-title":"Essential fatty acids and their role in the treatment of impulsivity disorders","volume":"71","author":"Hallahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118507","article-title":"The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults: a placebo controlled double-blind study","volume":"97","author":"Hamazaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-3-20","article-title":"An adaptogenic role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress; a randomised placebo controlled double blind intervention study (pilot)","volume":"28","author":"Bradbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.167","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"160","author":"Zanarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.1.22","article-title":"Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners","volume":"181","author":"Gesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00101-X","article-title":"The relationship in children between the inattention and impulsivity components of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and psychopathic tendencies","volume":"30","author":"Colledge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Diff."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00016-7","article-title":"Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome","volume":"49","author":"Crowley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.34.1.34","article-title":"An update on the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"34","author":"Root","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199608000-00010","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity?","volume":"35","author":"Biederman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1999)5:3<243::AID-MRDD11>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Outcome issues in ADHD: Adolescent and adult long-term outcome","volume":"5","author":"Ingram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.01.004","article-title":"Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease feelings of anger in substance abusers","volume":"157","author":"Branchey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02536067","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"26","author":"Edlund","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000278116.37320.52","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the three-city cohort study","volume":"69","author":"Raffaitin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1479","article-title":"n-3 Fatty acid proportions in plasma and cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"86","author":"Dullemeijer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038345.77753.46","article-title":"Diet and risk of dementia: Does fat matter?","volume":"59","author":"Engelhart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000090224","article-title":"The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function in aging and dementia: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Issa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"202","article-title":"Fatty acid intake and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a review of clinical and epidemiological studies","volume":"4","author":"Kalmijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420514","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam study","volume":"42","author":"Kalmijn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.7.940","article-title":"Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer Disease","volume":"60","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1470","article-title":"Cognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health Study","volume":"86","author":"Nurk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126220.x","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and omega-3 fatty acids: hypothesis","volume":"153","author":"Peers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002804","article-title":"Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study","volume":"89","author":"Tully","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459609070833","article-title":"Essential fatty acids preparation (SR-3) improves Alzheimer's patients quality of life","volume":"87","author":"Yehuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562338","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"34","author":"Terano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2004.07.001","article-title":"Ethyl-EPA in Alzheimer's disease - a pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Boston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.06.010","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids improves cognitive dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Kotani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.10.1402","article-title":"w-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer Disease: OmegAD study","volume":"63","author":"Cederholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, C.-C., Su, K.-P., Cheng, T.-C., Liu, H.-C., Chang, C.-J., Dewey, M. E., Stewart, R., and Huang, S.-Y. (2008). The effects of omega-3 fatty acids monotherapy in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.05.015"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324268.45138.86","article-title":"Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Geleijnse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68542-5","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"367","author":"Gauthier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1235","article-title":"Prevalence of major and minor depression in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment - MADRS factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gabryelewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1290","article-title":"Depression in patients with mild cognitive impairment increases the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"61","author":"Modrego","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.12.019","article-title":"Nutrition and schizophrenia: beyond omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"70","author":"Peet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-20","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive and retinal function in cognitively healthy older people: the Older People And n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (OPAL) study protocol","volume":"31","author":"Dangour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.01.008","article-title":"Commentary on \"A roadmap for the prevention of dementia II. Leon Thal Symposium 2008.\" The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT): A new approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"5","author":"Andrieu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/2\/2\/128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:01:27Z","timestamp":1760220087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/2\/2\/128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,9]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu2020128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu2020128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,9]]}}}