{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:10Z","timestamp":1787029210596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Females with sepsis have a better prognosis than males, while those of both genders with cirrhosis have a high mortality. Impaired immunity accompanies liver cirrhosis. The potential association between sex and immunologic response of cirrhotic rats in sepsis following immunonutrition was investigated. One hundred and forty-three rats were randomly divided into groups. Liver cirrhosis was produced by weekly feeding of CCl4 for 8 weeks. Among them, 24 male and 19 female underwent castration one month before studying. The rats were fed with either immune enhancing diet or control diet for five days, then sepsis was induced with cecal ligation and two holes puncture. Main outcomes included mortality and serum cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, 6, and 10). Comparisons were made both within and between genders. Cirrhotic non-castrated male rats showed a significant decrease in mortality (64.1% vs. 32.1%, p = 0.032) with better survival than control diet following immune enhancing diet. Lower mortality of cirrhotic non-castrated female rats was found after immune enhancing diet (69.6% vs. 52.1%, p = 0.365). Cirrhotic castrated male rats showed a lower mortality (44.4%) following immune enhancing diet, and cirrhotic castrated female rats also showed significantly lower mortality and better survival than control diet after immune enhancing diet (87.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.004). Plasma concentrations of IL-1\u03b2 were higher in non-oophorectomized female rats fed with control diet compared to immune enhancing diet. Non-orchidectomized males and non-oophorectomized females exhibited similar increases in IL-10 after immune enhancing diet. Our results demonstrated that immunonutrition was more beneficial for male than female cirrhotic rats following sepsis. Though orchidectomy was not found to be more advantageous for the normal male rats in sepsis, immunonutrition seemed to be as important as sex hormone for female rats in sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4030231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T07:50:36Z","timestamp":1332489036000},"page":"231-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender Different Response to Immunonutrition in Liver Cirrhosis with Sepsis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Tsann-Long","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22034","article-title":"Liver: An organ with predominant innate immunity","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22172","article-title":"A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Kamath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318200","article-title":"Natural killer cells activity in patients with liver cirrhosis relative to severity of liver damage","volume":"36","author":"Chuang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dig. 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