{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:07:31Z","timestamp":1791317251692,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]],"date-time":"2013-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary patterns are sensitive to differences across socio-economic strata or cultural habits and may impact programing of diseases in later life. The purpose of this study was to identify distinct dietary patterns during pregnancy in the Mid-South using factor analysis. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the differences in the food groups and in macro- and micronutrients among the different food patterns. The study was a cross-sectional analysis of 1155 pregnant women (mean age 26.5 \u00b1 5.4 years; 62% African American, 35% Caucasian, 3% Other; and pre-pregnancy BMI 27.6 \u00b1 7.5 kg\/m2). Using food frequency questionnaire data collected from participants in the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) study between 16 and 28 weeks of gestation, dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Three major dietary patterns, namely, Healthy, Processed, and US Southern were identified among pregnant women from the Mid-South. Further analysis of the three main patterns revealed four mixed dietary patterns, i.e., Healthy-Processed, Healthy-US Southern, Processed-US Southern, and overall Mixed. These dietary patterns were different (p &lt; 0.001) from each other in almost all the food items, macro- and micro nutrients and aligned across socioeconomic and racial groups. Our study describes unique dietary patterns in the  Mid-South, consumed by a cohort of women enrolled in a prospective study examining the association of maternal nutritional factors during pregnancy that are known to affect brain and cognitive development by age 3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]],"date-time":"2013-05-03T10:55:42Z","timestamp":1367578542000},"page":"1511-1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Dietary Patterns in Pregnancy and Effects on Nutrient Intake in the Mid-South: The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Eszter","family":"V\u00f6lgyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kecia","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap, Memphis, TN 38103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ringwald-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrika","family":"Piyathilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 326 Webb Nutrition Sciences Building, 1675 University Blvd., AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonsuk","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Tylavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199212000-00004","article-title":"The fetal origins of adult hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Barker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The fetal origins of diseases of old age","volume":"46","author":"Barker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. 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