{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T19:53:05Z","timestamp":1784577185391,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]],"date-time":"2013-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and vitamin D receptors are present in many cell types including various immune cells such as antigen-presenting-cells, T cells, B cells and monocytes. In vitro data show that, in addition to modulating innate immune cells, vitamin D also promotes a more tolerogenic immunological status. In vivo data from animals and from human vitamin D supplementation studies have shown beneficial effects of vitamin D on immune function, in particular in the context of autoimmunity. In this review, currently available data are summarized to give an overview of the effects of vitamin D on the immune system in general and on the regulation of inflammatory responses, as well as regulatory mechanisms connected to autoimmune diseases particularly in type 1 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]],"date-time":"2013-07-05T12:28:23Z","timestamp":1373027303000},"page":"2502-2521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":856,"title":["Vitamin D and Immune Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Prietl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlies","family":"Treiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Amrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, A 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. 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