{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:42:05Z","timestamp":1775482925863,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study was to analyze the consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium by women in the context of bone mineral density and to assess opportunities to prevent osteoporosis in a dietary manner. The study was carried out with 712 Polish women. In 170 women aged 32 to 59 bone mineral density (BMD) was measured. The data on the consumption of dairy products and dietary calcium and some other osteoporosis risk factors was collected from 712 women. The average calcium intake from a diet was 507 mg\/day. Only 2% of the women met Polish calcium intake recommendations. During adulthood, dairy product consumption or dietary calcium intake did not differ significantly between women with low BMD (below \u22121 SD) and women with regular BMD (\u2265\u22121 SD) (47.4 vs. 44.3 servings\/week and 459 vs. 510 mg\/day, respectively, p &gt; 0.05). The odds ratios adjusted for age, menstruation and BMI in women with upper BMD tercile in comparison to the reference group (bottom tercile) was 2.73 (95% CI: 1.14, 6.55; p &lt; 0.05) for the daily consumption of dairy products during the pre-school period and 2.40 (95% CI: 1.01, 5.70; p &lt; 0.05) for the daily consumption of dairy products during the school period. Two clusters of women were established. In the S1 cluster, low BMD (below \u22121 SD) was associated with older age (\u226550 years), lack of menstrual cycle. In the S2 cluster, regular BMD (\u2265\u22121 SD) was related to younger aged women (&lt;50 years), presence of menstrual cycle, consumption of higher level of dairy products (\u226528 servings\/week) during adulthood and daily intake of dairy products during childhood and adolescence.  The results indicate that good bone health to the large extent depended upon the combined impact of dietary factors and some non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis such as age and the presence of menstruation. Consumption of dairy products in childhood and adolescence may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in  adult women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T04:31:13Z","timestamp":1374035473000},"page":"2684-2707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Dairy Products, Dietary Calcium and Bone Health: Possibility of Prevention of Osteoporosis in Women: The Polish Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Wadolowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. S\u0142oneczna 44a,  Olsztyn 10-718, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Sobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. S\u0142oneczna 44a,  Olsztyn 10-718, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Szczepanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. S\u0142oneczna 44a,  Olsztyn 10-718, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Slowinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. S\u0142oneczna 44a,  Olsztyn 10-718, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Czlapka-Matyasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, Pozna\u0144 60-624, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Niedzwiedzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. S\u0142oneczna 44a,  Olsztyn 10-718, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.04.001","article-title":"Geographical variation in DXA bone mineral density in young European men and women. 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