{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:47:35Z","timestamp":1790898455076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity (NCGS) was originally described in the 1980s and recently a \u201cre-discovered\u201d disorder characterized by intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten-containing food, in subjects that are not affected with either celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy (WA). Although NCGS frequency is still unclear, epidemiological data have been generated that can help establishing the magnitude of the problem. Clinical studies further defined the identity of NCGS and its implications in human disease. An overlap between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and NCGS has been detected, requiring even more stringent diagnostic criteria. Several studies suggested a relationship between NCGS and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly autism and schizophrenia. The first case reports of NCGS in children have been described. Lack of biomarkers is still a major limitation of clinical studies, making it difficult to differentiate NCGS from other gluten related disorders. Recent studies raised the possibility that, beside gluten, wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors and low-fermentable, poorly-absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates can contribute to symptoms (at least those related to IBS) experienced by NCGS patients. In this paper we report the major advances and current trends on NCGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]],"date-time":"2013-09-26T12:48:59Z","timestamp":1380199739000},"page":"3839-3853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":390,"title":["Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The New Frontier of Gluten Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Catassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60121, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Hospital de Gastroenterolog\u00eda \"Dr. Carlos Bonorino Udaondo\", Buenos Aires 1264, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bonaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, CHU Grenoble 38043, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center,  Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Carroccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, \"Giovanni Paolo II\" Hospital, Sciacca (AG) and University of Palermo, Sciacca 92019, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Castillejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43204, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Ciacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Salerno 84081, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cristofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jernej","family":"Dolinsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor,  Maribor 2000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruggiero","family":"Francavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Elli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Prevenzione e Diagnosi Malattia Celiaca Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Milan 20122, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Medical Center,  New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Holtmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Hospital Porz am Rhein, K\u00f6ln 51149, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Center for Food Chemistry, Leibniz Institute, Freising 85354, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Koletzko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich 80337, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Meinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Practice of Nutrition Therapy Meinhold & Team, K\u00f6ln 50674, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine, Berlin 10203, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Schuppan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine, Berlin 10203, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"V\u00e9csei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna 1090, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Zevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sapone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Second University of Naples, Naples 80136, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston,  MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90689-2","article-title":"Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease","volume":"81","author":"Cooper","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000260087","article-title":"Differential mucosal IL-17 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