{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1792546211273,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One may wonder why methylxanthines are so abundant in beverages used by humans for centuries, or in cola-drinks that have been heavily consumed since their appearance. It is likely that humans have stuck to any brew containing compounds with psychoactive properties, resulting in a better daily life, i.e., more efficient thinking, exploring, hunting, etc., however, without the serious side effects of drugs of abuse. The physiological effects of methylxanthines have been known for a long time and they are mainly mediated by the so-called adenosine receptors. Caffeine and theobromine are the most abundant methylxanthines in cacao and their physiological effects are notable. Their health-promoting benefits are so remarkable that chocolate is explored as a functional food. The consequences of adenosine receptor blockade by natural compounds present in cacao\/chocolate are here reviewed. Palatability and health benefits of methylxanthines, in general, and theobromine, in particular, have further contributed to sustain one of the most innocuous and pleasant habits: chocolate consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5104159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1382097951000},"page":"4159-4173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao and Chocolate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"O\u00f1atibia-Astibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Navarra University, Pamplona 31008, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00fajar, I., Recio, M.C., Giner, R.M., and R\u00edos, J.L. 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