{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:24:02Z","timestamp":1780925042387,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]],"date-time":"2013-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of unique carbohydrate structures in the glycocalyx\/mucous layer of the intestine may be involved in a susceptibility to celiac disease (CD) by serving as attachment sites for bacteria. This host-microbiota interaction may influence the development of CD and possibly other diseases with autoimmune components. We examined duodenal biopsies from a total of 30 children, of which 10 had both celiac disease (CD) and  type 1 diabetes (T1D); 10 had CD alone; and 10 were suspected of having gastrointestinal disease, but had normal duodenal histology (non-CD controls). Patients with both CD and T1D were examined before and after remission following a gluten-free diet. We performed lectin histochemistry using peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA) staining for Gal-\u03b2(1,3)-GalNAc and Fuc\u03b11-2Gal-R, respectively, of the glycocalyx\/mucous layer. The staining was scored based on dissemination of stained structures on a scale from 0 to 3. Evaluation of the scores revealed no difference between biopsies obtained before and after remission in the group of children with both CD and T1D. A comparison of this pre-remission group with the children who had CD alone or the non-CD controls also showed no significant differences. Based on our material, we found no indication that the presence of Gal-\u03b2(1,3)-GalNAc or Fuc\u03b11-2Gal-R is involved in the susceptibility to CD, or that the disease process affects the expression of these carbohydrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]],"date-time":"2013-11-19T03:19:41Z","timestamp":1384831181000},"page":"4540-4552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lectin Staining Shows no Evidence of Involvement of Glycocalyx\/Mucous Layer Carbohydrate Structures in Development of Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Toft-Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Biagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsl\u00f8ws Vej 15, 2., Odense 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Husby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Lillevang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-040210-092915","article-title":"Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Abadie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.543","article-title":"Multiple common variants for celiac disease influencing immune gene expression","volume":"42","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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