{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:17:41Z","timestamp":1790914661916,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determined if 6-weeks vitamin D2 supplementation (vitD2,  3800 IU\/day) had an influence on muscle function, eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) in National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) NASCAR pit crew athletes. Subjects were randomized to vitD2 (n = 13) and placebo (n = 15), and ingested supplements  (double-blind) for six weeks. Blood samples were collected and muscle function tests conducted pre- and post-study (leg-back and hand grip dynamometer strength tests, body weight bench press to exhaustion, vertical jump, 30-s Wingate test). Post-study, subjects engaged in 90 min eccentric-based exercise, with blood samples and DOMS ratings obtained immediately after and 1- and 2-days post-exercise. Six weeks vitD2 increased serum 25(OH)D2 456% and decreased 25(OH)D3 21% versus placebo (p &lt; 0.001,  p = 0.036, respectively), with no influence on muscle function test scores. The post-study eccentric exercise bout induced EIMD and DOMS, with higher muscle damage biomarkers measured in vitD2 compared to placebo (myoglobin 252%, 122% increase, respectively,  p = 0.001; creatine phosphokinase 24 h post-exercise, 169%, 32%, p &lt; 0.001), with no differences for DOMS. In summary, 6-weeks vitD2 (3800 IU\/day) significantly increased 25(OH)D2 and decreased 25(OH)D3, had no effect on muscle function tests, and amplified muscle damage markers in NASCAR pit crew athletes following eccentric exercise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T11:19:55Z","timestamp":1387538395000},"page":"63-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Vitamin D2 Supplementation Amplifies Eccentric  Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in NASCAR Pit Crew Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-1860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Nieman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Gillitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1916-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Shanely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Dew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Meaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education,  Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9200-6","article-title":"Relevance of vitamin D in muscle health","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocrine Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"42","article-title":"Defining vitamin D status by secondary hyperparathyroidism in the U.S. population","volume":"35","author":"Ginde","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b","article-title":"Athletic performance and vitamin D","volume":"41","author":"Cannell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.733822","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: Implications for skeletal muscle function","volume":"31","author":"Close","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers","volume":"20","author":"Constantini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181eb9d4d","article-title":"Vitamin D status relative to diet, lifestyle, injury, and illness in college athletes","volume":"43","author":"Halliday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.23.5.441","article-title":"Vitamin D status and supplementation in elite Irish athletes","volume":"23","author":"Magee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2007.06.001","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D and muscle size and strength in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Renal Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161203","article-title":"Extrarenal vitamin D activation and interactions between vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and vitamin D analogs","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000087203","article-title":"Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0248-x","article-title":"Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Annweiler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.12.022","article-title":"Relation of vitamin D level to maximal oxygen uptake in adults","volume":"107","author":"Ardestani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03733.x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Muir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"859","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Stockton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034950","article-title":"Vitamin D and physical performance in elderly subjects: The Pro.V.V.A study","volume":"7","author":"Toffanello","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041253","article-title":"Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with a faster recovery of skeletal muscle strength after muscular injury","volume":"17","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826c9a78","article-title":"25(OH) Vitamin D is associated with greater muscle strength in healthy men and women","volume":"45","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.012","article-title":"Vitamin D and muscle function: Is there a threshold in the relation?","volume":"14","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0036-y","article-title":"Vitamin D and physical performance","volume":"43","author":"Moran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.03.007","article-title":"The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: A controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Wyon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.03.018","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplementation modulates inflammatory responses from the muscle damage induced by high-intensity exercise in SD rats","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1993.10608784","article-title":"The effects of static and ballistic stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness and creatine kinase","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanely, R.A., Nieman, D.C., Knab, A.M., Gillitt, N.D., Meaney, M.P., Jin, F., Sha, W., and Cialdella-Kam, L. (2013). Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes. J. Sport Sci., in press.","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.847279"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.1.211","article-title":"Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of vitamin D in foods and nutritional supplements","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"A187","article-title":"The analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum using semi-automated solid phase extraction and LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"55","author":"Calton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.53","article-title":"Bioavailability of vitamin D2 from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Urbain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.694","article-title":"The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement","volume":"84","author":"Houghton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.031070","article-title":"Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Tripkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2114","article-title":"Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in response to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation","volume":"98","author":"Biancuzzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002851","article-title":"Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months","volume":"109","author":"Logan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.159764","article-title":"Ergocalciferol from mushrooms or supplements consumed with a standard meal increases 25-hydroxyergocalciferol but decreases 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the serum of healthy adults","volume":"142","author":"Stephensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.11.006","article-title":"Vitamin D increases cellular turnover and functionally restores the skeletal muscle after crush injury in rats","volume":"182","author":"Stratos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091735","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: A randomized dose-response study","volume":"47","author":"Close","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:34Z","timestamp":1760219494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu6010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]]}}}