{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:40:13Z","timestamp":1786974013065,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ginseng herbal medicine has been known to have beneficial effects on improving human health. We investigated whether red ginseng extract (RGE) has preventive effects on influenza A virus infection in vivo and in vitro. RGE was found to improve survival of human lung epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection. Also, RGE treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-8) probably in  part through interference with the formation of reactive oxygen species by influenza A virus infection. Long-term oral administration of mice with RGE showed multiple immunomodulatory effects such as stimulating antiviral cytokine IFN-\u03b3 production after influenza A virus infection. In addition, RGE administration in mice inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the bronchial lumens. Therefore, RGE might have the potential beneficial effects on preventing influenza A virus infections via its multiple immunomodulatory functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6020517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T03:27:01Z","timestamp":1390879621000},"page":"517-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Immunomodulatory Activity of Red Ginseng against Influenza A Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Na","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Man","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"},{"name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Moo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Inflammatory, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences,  Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls","volume":"79","author":"Fouchier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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