{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T23:42:57Z","timestamp":1776987777718,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work investigated the effects of Vitamin E (VE) on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) incidence, oxidative stress parameters (serum and hepatic VE concentration, and homocysteine, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels), and expression of both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) in experimental colorectal carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) twice a week, for two weeks (40 mg\/kg), except for  the Control group. Animals were separated into groups that received different amounts of VE in the diet: 0 IU (0\u00d7), 75 IU (recommended daily intake, RDI), 225 IU (3\u00d7 RDI), or 1500 IU (20\u00d7 RDI), during (dDMH) or after (aDMH) administration of carcinogen. The 0\u00d7dDMH and 3\u00d7dDMH groups showed decreased serum VE levels. Hepatic VE concentration was higher in 3\u00d7aDMH as compared with the other groups. All the groups, except the Control and the 0\u00d7aDMH groups, had reduced GSH levels. The 0\u00d7dDMH, 0\u00d7aDMH, and 20\u00d7aDMH groups exhibited increased MDA levels. The aDMH groups had higher ACF incidence and PCNA expression. The 0\u00d7aDMH group presented higher ACF rate, followed by 20\u00d7aDMH. Moreover, the 3\u00d7aDMH group displayed reduced ACF incidence and COX2 expression. Multivariate analysis revealed that GSH modulated homocysteine levels and COX2. These results suggested that 1500 IU of VE is hazardous, whereas 225 IU of VE has beneficial effects on chemical colorectal carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T12:15:41Z","timestamp":1407932141000},"page":"3214-3229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin E Supplementation in Chemical Colorectal Carcinogenesis: A Two-Edged Knife"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Celia","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo,  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helio","family":"Vannucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo,  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto14049-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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