{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:21:30Z","timestamp":1782789690025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 (\u03c9-3) fatty acids are one of the two main families of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The main omega-3 fatty acids in the mammalian  body are \u03b1-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Central nervous tissues of vertebrates are characterized by a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids. Moreover, in the human brain, DHA is considered as the main structural omega-3 fatty acid, which comprises about 40% of the PUFAs in total. DHA deficiency may be the cause of many disorders such as depression, inability to concentrate, excessive mood swings, anxiety, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dry skin and so on. On the other hand, zinc is the most abundant trace metal in the human brain. There are many scientific studies linking zinc, especially excess amounts of free zinc, to cellular death. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, are characterized by altered zinc metabolism. Both animal model studies and human cell culture studies have shown a possible link between omega-3 fatty acids, zinc transporter levels and free zinc availability at cellular levels. Many other studies have also suggested a possible omega-3 and zinc effect on neurodegeneration and cellular death. Therefore, in this review, we will examine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on zinc transporters and the importance of free zinc for human neuronal cells. Moreover, we will evaluate the collective understanding of mechanism(s) for the interaction of these elements in neuronal research and their significance for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T11:25:11Z","timestamp":1408101911000},"page":"3245-3258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Fishy Business: Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Zinc Transporters and Free Zinc Availability in Human  Neuronal Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Damitha","family":"De Mel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences,  Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds,  Victoria 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenk","family":"Suphioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences,  Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds,  Victoria 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06336.x","article-title":"Mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid-induced inhibition of in vitro Abeta (1\u201342) fibrillation and Abeta (1\u201342)-induced toxicity in SH-S5Y5 cells","volume":"111","author":"Shahdat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.05.004","article-title":"Toxicology and safety of DHA","volume":"81","author":"Lien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.05.007","article-title":"Biomarkers of DHA status","volume":"81","author":"Kuratko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000337590","article-title":"Effects of zinc and DHA on the epigenetic regulation of human neuronal cells","volume":"29","author":"Sadli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00799.x","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of flax oil in pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Gracious","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509991826","article-title":"Zinc and DHA have opposing effects on the expression levels of histones H3 and H4 in human neuronal cells","volume":"103","author":"Suphioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.12.013","article-title":"The omega-3 fatty acid, DHA, decreases neuronal cell death in association with altered zinc transport","volume":"584","author":"Suphioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100312S203","article-title":"Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico","volume":"31","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.1.11","article-title":"A third MRX family (MRX68) is the result of mutation in the long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4) gene: Proposal of a rapid enzymatic assay for screening mentally retarded patients","volume":"40","author":"Longo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90809-A","article-title":"Dietary lipid modulation of ventricular fibrillation threshold in the marmoset monkey","volume":"123","author":"McLennan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostofsky, D.I., Yehuda, S., and Salem, N. (2001). Fatty acids: Physiologic and Behavioral Functions, Humana press.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592591191"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.3.383","article-title":"Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action","volume":"127","author":"Nair","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.3.438","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development","volume":"54","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12795","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3520-09.2009","article-title":"Nutrition, brain aging, and neurodegeneration","volume":"29","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.4.803","article-title":"Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes\u2014The EVA study","volume":"77","author":"Heude","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.12.noc50161","article-title":"Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study","volume":"62","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Maclean, C.H., Issa, A.M., Newberry, S.J., Mojica, W.A., Morton, S.C., Garland, R.H., Hilton, L.G., Traina, S.B., and Shekelle, P.G. (2005). Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cognitive Function with Aging, Dementia, and Neurological Diseases: Summary, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Service. Evidence Report\/Technology Assessment."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2217\/WHE.09.75","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function in women","volume":"6","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"84","article-title":"Results of the MIDAS trial: Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on physiological and safety parameters in age-related cognitive decline","volume":"5","author":"McCarthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Demen."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(00)00017-5","article-title":"The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina","volume":"40","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.08.070188.002505","article-title":"The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain","volume":"8","author":"Neuringer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25420","article-title":"A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease","volume":"115","author":"Lukiw","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.3.1264","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid reduces GABA response in substantia nigra neuron of rat","volume":"75","author":"Hamano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562227","article-title":"Evidence for the unique function of docosahexaenoic acid during the evolution of the modern hominid brain","volume":"34","author":"Crawford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.359","article-title":"Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02536067","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Soderberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/152308604771978372","article-title":"Intravenous administration of thioredoxin decreases brain damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"6","author":"Hattori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.013","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid protects from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"43","author":"Calon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01541-8","article-title":"Zn(2+): A novel ionic mediator of neural injury in brain disease","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.1.79","article-title":"The biochemical basis of zinc physiology","volume":"73","author":"Vallee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00825.x","article-title":"Regulation of caspase activation and apoptosis by cellular zinc fluxes and zinc deprivation: A review","volume":"77","author":"Chai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"203","article-title":"Zinc and the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Wallwork","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prog. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64017-7","article-title":"Metallothionein: A cadmium and zinc-containing protein from equine renal cortex. II. Physicochemical properties","volume":"236","author":"Kagi","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43831-2","article-title":"Xenopus transcription factor a requires zinc for binding to the 5 S RNA gene","volume":"258","author":"Hanas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1671","article-title":"The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Frederickson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.1.220","article-title":"Active-site zinc ligands and activated H2O of zinc enzymes","volume":"87","author":"Vallee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5","article-title":"Active zinc binding sites of zinc metalloenzymes","volume":"1","author":"Vallee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Matrix Suppl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6832(71)90030-9","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Holman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Fats Other Lipids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(94)90082-5","article-title":"Modulation of inhibitory and excitatory amino acid receptor ion channels by zinc","volume":"42","author":"Smart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(72)90169-6","article-title":"Zinc deficienc in man","volume":"53","author":"Halsted","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01811322","article-title":"Acrodermatitis enteropathica","volume":"1","author":"Aggett","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829935","article-title":"Zinc deficiency and its inherited disorders\u2014A review","volume":"1","author":"Ackland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Frederickson, C.J., Howell, G.A., and Kasarskis, E.J. (1984). The Neurobiology of Zinc. Part B: Deficiency, Toxicity and Pathology, Alan R Liss, Inc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902230108","article-title":"Fiber systems in the olfactory bulb and cortex: A study in adult and developing rats, using the timm method with the light and electron microscope","volume":"223","author":"Friedman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0500399","article-title":"Predicting enzyme subclass by functional domain composition and pseudo amino acid composition","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(08)60279-2","article-title":"Neurobiology of zinc and zinc-containing neurons","volume":"31","author":"Frederickson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22067","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141122067","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of zinc neurotoxicity and the pathogenesis of vascular type senile dementia","volume":"14","author":"Mizuno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90002-Q","article-title":"Possible role of zinc in the selective degeneration of dentate hilar neurons after cerebral ischemia in the adult rat","volume":"109","author":"Johansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02095-8","article-title":"Evidence that synaptically-released zinc contributes to neuronal injury after traumatic brain injury","volume":"852","author":"Suh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8073293","article-title":"Rapid induction of Alzheimer a beta amyloid formation by zinc","volume":"265","author":"Bush","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.423","article-title":"Transgenic models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Learning from animals","volume":"2","author":"Spires","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRX"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-005-0787-0","article-title":"Immersion autometallographic tracing of zinc ions in Alzheimer beta-amyloid plaques","volume":"123","author":"Stoltenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199407000-00017","article-title":"Kainate injury to cultured basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is Ca2+ dependent","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017610","article-title":"Dihydropyridine-sensitive low-threshold calcium channels in isolated rat hypothalamic neurons","volume":"412","author":"Akaike","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.97.1.89","article-title":"Divalent cation selectivity for external block of voltage-dependent Na+ channels prolonged by batrachotoxin. Zn2+ induces discrete substates in cardiac Na+ channels","volume":"97","author":"Ravindran","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018118","article-title":"Voltage-dependent block by zinc of single calcium channels in mouse myotubes","volume":"425","author":"Winegar","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00437.x","article-title":"Zn2+ entry produces oxidative neuronal necrosis in cortical cell cultures","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-09-03139.2000","article-title":"Zinc-induced cortical neuronal death: Contribution of energy failure attributable to loss of NAD+ and inhibition of glycolysis","volume":"20","author":"Sheline","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02778194","article-title":"Erythrocyte metallothionein in relation to other biochemical zinc indices in pregnant and nonpregnant women","volume":"57","author":"Zapata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Element Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1474","article-title":"Assessment of zinc status","volume":"120","author":"King","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19940009","article-title":"Biology of zinc and biological value of dietary organic zinc complexes and chelates","volume":"7","author":"Swinkels","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.12.2408","article-title":"Erythrocyte metallothionein response to dietary zinc in humans","volume":"122","author":"Thomas","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.4.1259","article-title":"Erythrocyte metallothionein as an index of zinc status in humans","volume":"87","author":"Grider","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1374S","article-title":"Overview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"130","author":"Krebs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.4.667","article-title":"Mammalian zinc transporters1,2","volume":"128","author":"McMahon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3148-y","article-title":"Overview of mammalian zinc transporters","volume":"61","author":"Kambe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132402","article-title":"Mammalian zinc transporters","volume":"24","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.8.5560","article-title":"Functional expression of the human hZIP2 zinc transporter","volume":"275","author":"Gaither","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07042.x","article-title":"Cloning and functional characterization of a mammalian zinc transporter that confers resistance to zinc","volume":"14","author":"Palmiter","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502594102","article-title":"Perinatal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supply modifies brain zinc homeostasis during adulthood","volume":"102","author":"Jayasooriya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092034699","article-title":"Contribution by synaptic zinc to the gender-disparate plaque formation in human swedish mutant APP transgenic mice","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.005","article-title":"Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions","volume":"26","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.09.025","article-title":"Amyloid plaques arise from zinc-enriched cortical layers in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice and are paradoxically enlarged with dietary zinc deficiency","volume":"150","author":"Stoltenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101452","article-title":"The effect of metals on spatial memory in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Railey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019166108","article-title":"Zinc transporter ZnT-3 regulates presynaptic Erk1\/2 signaling and hippocampus-dependent memory","volume":"108","author":"Sindreu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5255-09.2010","article-title":"Cognitive loss in zinc transporter-3 knock-out mice: A phenocopy for the synaptic and memory deficits of Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"30","author":"Adlard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nuerosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.020","article-title":"Zinc transporter ZnT3 is involved in memory dependent on the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex","volume":"223","author":"Martel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/8\/3245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:14:52Z","timestamp":1760217292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/8\/3245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu6083245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6083245","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]}}}