{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:21:01Z","timestamp":1787242861805,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be associated with oxidative stress and deterioration of antioxidant enzymes. It is mainly treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Although effective, ERT may cause adverse effects such as breast cancer and pulmonary embolism. Labisia pumila var. alata (LP), a herb used traditionally for women\u2019s health was found to protect against estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. An extensive study was conducted in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model using several LP doses and duration of treatments to determine if anti-oxidative mechanisms were involved in its bone protective effects. Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups; baseline group (BL), sham-operated (Sham), ovariectomised control (OVXC), ovariectomised (OVX) and given 64.5 \u03bcg\/kg of Premarin (ERT), ovariectomised and given 20 mg\/kg of LP (LP20) and ovariectomised and given 100 mg\/kg of LP (LP100). The groups were further subdivided to receive their respective treatments via daily oral gavages for three, six or nine weeks of treatment periods. Following euthanization, the femora were dissected out for bone oxidative measurements which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Results: The SOD levels of the sham-operated and all the treatment groups were significantly higher than the OVX groups at all treatment periods. The GPx level of ERT and LP100 groups at the 9th week of treatment were significantly higher than the baseline and OVX groups. MDA level of the OVX group was significantly higher than all the other groups at weeks 6 and 9. The LP20 and LP100 groups at the 9th week of treatment had significantly lower MDA levels than the ERT group. There were no significant differences between LP20 and LP100 for all parameters. Thus, LP supplementations at both doses, which showed the best results at 9 weeks, may reduce oxidative stress which in turn may prevent bone loss via its anti-oxidative property.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]],"date-time":"2014-08-21T11:00:23Z","timestamp":1408618823000},"page":"3288-3302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Time and Dose-Dependent Effects of Labisia pumila on Bone Oxidative Status of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Effendy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,  50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shuid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,  50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90218-E","article-title":"Consensus development conference: Diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"94","author":"Christiansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-6-200209170-00015","article-title":"Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: A review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"137","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.04.006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: New mechanistic insights","volume":"41","author":"Laura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2005.03.001","article-title":"Behaviour of some indicators of oxidative stress in postmenopausal and fertile women","volume":"53","author":"Signorelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"361","article-title":"Menopause as risk factor for oxidative stress","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2007.01.012","article-title":"Carotenoids and human health (Review)","volume":"55","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.02.033","article-title":"Involvement of oxidative stress in age-related bone loss","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1058","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor mediates osteopenia caused by depletion of antioxidants","volume":"146","author":"Jagger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt079","article-title":"Basic biology of skeletal aging: Role of stress response pathways","volume":"68","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.05.003","article-title":"Sex hormone modulate circulating antioxidant enzyme: Impact of estrogen therapy","volume":"1","author":"Bellanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.57.1.385","article-title":"Sex steroids and bone","volume":"57","author":"Manolagas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Recent. Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2673","article-title":"Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative: A randomized trial","volume":"289","author":"Hendrix","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Reiner, B., Bertha, F., Emmo, V.T., and Christoph, B. (2007). Biphosphonates in Medical Practice, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8750","article-title":"Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Four-year results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"87","author":"Delmas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1202619","article-title":"Biphosphonates for Osteoporosis\u2014Where do we go from here?","volume":"366","author":"Marcea","year":"2012","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(10)08","article-title":"Tocotrienol supplementation in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Evidence from a laboratory study","volume":"68","author":"Norliza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-4-8","article-title":"One year soy protein supplementation has positive effects on bone formation markers but not bone density in postmenopausal women","volume":"4","author":"Arjmandi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.09.004","article-title":"Blueberry prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Devareddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"53","article-title":"The Oestrogenic and Cytotoxic Effects of the Extracts of Labisia pumila var. alata and Labisia pumila var. pumila in Vitro","volume":"1","author":"Jamia","year":"1988","journal-title":"MJMS"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zakaria, M., and Mohd, M.A. (1994). Traditional Malay MedicinalPlants, Penerbit Fajar Bakti."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02279.x","article-title":"Testing of labisia pumila for oestrogenic activity using a recombinant yeast screen","volume":"50","author":"Jamal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory, phytoestrogenic and antioxidative role of Labisia pumila in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"2012","author":"Nadia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.033","article-title":"The effects of Labisia pumila var. alata on bone markers and bone calcium in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis","volume":"133","author":"Nazrun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31822d5b10","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes GSR, SOD1, SOD2 and Cat gene variants and bone mineral density values in postmenopausal women: A genetic association analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mlakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"101","article-title":"Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma","volume":"108","author":"Yagi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Method. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cayman Chemical Company. Available online:http:\/\/www.caymanchem.com\/."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"BioAssay Systems EnzyChrom\u2122 Glutathione Peroxidase Assay Kit. Available online:http:\/\/www.bioassaysys.com\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1833-4_4","article-title":"The analysis of free radicals, lipid peroxides, antioxidant enzymes and compounds to oxidative stress as applied to the clinical chemistry laboratory","volume":"366","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/gye.15.4.298.303","article-title":"Serum lipid peroxide levels and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Bidzinska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8543","article-title":"Modulation of endometrial redox balance during the menstrual cycle: Relation with sex hormones","volume":"87","author":"Serviddio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1081\/JDI-120002660","article-title":"Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"225","article-title":"Antioxidant action of estrogens in rat hepatoctes","volume":"53","author":"Leal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Esp Fisiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2005.00151.x","article-title":"17 beta-oestradiol up-regulates longevity-related, antioxidant enzyme expression via the ERK1 and ERK2[MAPK]\/NF\u03baB cascade","volume":"4","author":"Borras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"424","article-title":"The laboratory rat as an animal model for osteoporosis research","volume":"58","author":"Pavlos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1021","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is essential for estrogen-deficiency bone loss and osteoclast formation","volume":"146","author":"Lean","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.11.006","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species on bone mineral density and mechanics in Cu, Zn superokxide dismutase (SOD1) knockout mice","volume":"401","author":"Smietana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.02.002","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: Role in joint diseases","volume":"74","author":"Afonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-9270-z","article-title":"Role of antioxidant systems, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"295","author":"Ozgocmen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.04.029","article-title":"Labisia pumila protects the bone of estrogen-deficient rat model: A histomorphometric study","volume":"142","author":"Fathilah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.30760","article-title":"Evaluation of the female reproductive toxicity of aqueous extract of Labisia pumila var. alata in rats","volume":"39","author":"Suhaimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.07.031","article-title":"Sub-acute toxicity evaluation of an aqueous extract of Labisia pumila, a Malaysian herb","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Taneja, S.C. (2004). Sub-Chronic (90 days) Oral Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Extract of Labisia pumila in Wistar Rats (250,500 & 1000 mg\/kg b. wt. only), Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"503","article-title":"The fffects of Labisia pumila on postmenopausal osteoporotic rat model: Dose and time-dependent micro-CT analysis","volume":"22","author":"Nadia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. X-Ray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.04.014","article-title":"Ovariectomy induces oxidative stress and impairs bone antioxidant system in adult rats","volume":"360","author":"Muthusami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Fazliana, M. (2010). Studies on Labisia pumila var. alata Extract with Phytoestrogenic Effects: Impact on Biological Activities and Gene Expression, Karolinska Institutet."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"217","article-title":"Antioxidative properties of leaf extracts of a popular Malaysian herb, Labisia pumila","volume":"3","author":"Norhaiza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2009.02.005","article-title":"Antioxidant status in patients with osteoporosis: A controlled study","volume":"76","author":"Omer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328010beee","article-title":"Effect of oestrogen on reactive oxygen species production in the aortas of ovariectomized Dahl salt-sensitive rats","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.126.3.765","article-title":"NADPH-oxidase expression and in situ production of superoxideby osteoclasts actively resorbing bone","volume":"126","author":"Steinbeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00766-5","article-title":"A duality in the roles of reactive oxygen species with respect to bone metabolism","volume":"318","author":"Sontakke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-007-0452-0","article-title":"Total oxidative\/anti-oxidative status and relation to bone mineral density in osteoporosis","volume":"28","author":"Atlindag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheum Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31426","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212549200","article-title":"Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells","volume":"278","author":"Niedernhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.072","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Mechanisms, inhibition and biological effects","volume":"338","author":"Niki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.020","article-title":"Nrf2 controls bone marrow stromal cell susceptibility to oxidative and electrophilic stress","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/878030","article-title":"Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathway: Key mediator in oxidative stress and potential therapeutic target in ALS","volume":"2012","author":"Susanne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Duke, P., and Sandy, S. (2003). Life Enhancement, Life Enhancement Magazine."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.122","article-title":"Flavonoids and phenolic acids from Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah)","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1315S","article-title":"Vitamins E and C, \u03b2-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants","volume":"62","author":"Sies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003275","article-title":"Plant polyphenols: Are they the new magic bullet?","volume":"62","author":"Duthie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1079\/095442299108728875","article-title":"Effects of phytoestrogens on tissues","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.137","article-title":"Dietary-induced serum phenolic acids promote bone growth via p38 MAPK\/beta-catenin canonical wnt signalling","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097177","article-title":"Delphinidin, one of the major anthocyanidins, prevents bone loss through the inhibition of excessive osteoclastogenesis in osteoporosis model","volume":"9","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Autoinduction of transforming growth factor beta 1 is mediated by the AP-1 complex","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05850.x","article-title":"H2O2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-responsive factor","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.3.465","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks the induction of nitric oxide synthase by down-regulating lipopolysaccharide-induced activity of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"287","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of dietary flavonoids","volume":"22","author":"Tunon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7993","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130511497","article-title":"Requirement of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway for IL-1-induced osteoclastic bone resorption","volume":"97","author":"Armour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proce. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000153990.74837.73","article-title":"Different doses of nitric oxide donor prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats","volume":"435","author":"Hao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.12.2137","article-title":"Evidence for a pathogenic role of nitric oxide in inflammation-induced osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Armour","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01261.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide and bone","volume":"103","author":"Ralston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of three varieties of labisia pumila benth: From microwave obtained extracts","volume":"13","author":"Ehsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/8\/3288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1760217305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/8\/3288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu6083288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6083288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]}}}