{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:35:14Z","timestamp":1790127314529,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however many experience side effects including hot flashes, cardiotoxicity, metabolic and musculoskeletal alterations. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT. In particular, we focus on herbal compounds, phytoestrogens, selenium (Se), fatty acids (FA), calcium, and Vitamins D and E. Indeed, there is some evidence that calcium and Vitamin D can prevent the development of osteoporosis during ADT. On the other hand, caution should be taken with the antioxidants Se and Vitamin E until the basis underlying their respective association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and PCa tumor development has been clarified. However, many other promising supplements have not yet been subjected large-scale clinical trials making it difficult to assess their efficacy. Given the demographic trend of increased PCa diagnoses and dependence on ADT as a major therapeutic strategy, further studies are required to objectively evaluate these supplements as adjuvant for PCa patients receiving ADT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6104491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1413886065000},"page":"4491-4519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Use of Dietary Supplements to Alleviate Androgen Deprivation Therapy Side Effects during Prostate  Cancer Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dueregger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Heidegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Ofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Perktold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhold","family":"Ramoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Klocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20138","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Siegel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21208","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Siegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0032","article-title":"Androgen receptor in prostate cancer","volume":"25","author":"Heinlein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(00)00284-X","article-title":"The role of active treatment in early prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Denis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01247-X","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer chemoprevention: Current status and future directions for agent development","volume":"58","author":"Lieberman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.10.042","article-title":"Novel therapeutic strategies for castration resistant prostate cancer: Inhibition of persistent androgen production and androgen receptor mediated signaling","volume":"185","author":"Molina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls138","article-title":"Risk factors associated with cardiovascular events during testosterone administration in older men with mobility limitation","volume":"68","author":"Basaria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Series A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hot flashes are a sudden wave of mild or intense body heat caused by rushes of hormonal changes resulting from decreased levels of estrogen. They can occur at any time and may last from a few seconds to half an hour. They are due to blood vessel dilation and constriction. Their frequency is increased in menopausal women and men receiving ADT."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"The \u201cmetabolic\u201d or \u201cinsulin-resistance\u201d syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardio-vascular (CV) risks related to insulin resistance [10,11]. Diagnosis of the syndrome is defined by the adult treatment panel III (ATP III) and the World health organization (WHO) as a combination of low HDL, increased waist circumference, increased triglycerides, increased fasting glucose and hypertension [11]. The syndrome itself is further associated with various metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance as well as other factors such as male hypogonadism [12]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0944","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: A solution in search of a problem","volume":"92","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.9.2289","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome: Time for a critical appraisal: Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Kahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"779","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Insulin resistance is defined clinically as the inability of a known quantity of exogenous or endogenous insulin to increase glucose uptake and utilization in an individual as much as it does in a normal population [14]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","article-title":"Insulin resistance: Definition and consequences","volume":"109","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cardiovascular events refer to any incidents that may cause damage to the heart muscle involving the heart and\/or blood vessels which include: arterial embolic or thrombotic events, hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular conditions, myocardial infarction, and other ischemic heart disease. Severe CV events include conditions such as myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure which may be fatal [16]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"WHO Fact Sheet\u2014Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Available online:Http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs317\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk for bone fractures. Bone strength reflects the integration of two main features: bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality [18]. Osteoporosis is defined by the WHO as a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass (average of young, healthy adults) as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A BMD value allows fracture risk to be calculated using FRAX or CAROC assessment algorithms, which incorporate a group of clinical risk factors in addition to femoral neck BMD [19,20]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","article-title":"Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"285","author":"Kilbanski","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA J. American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.123","article-title":"Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: Fracture prediction and model calibration","volume":"25","author":"Leslie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081012","article-title":"Simplified system for absolute fracture risk assessment: Clinical validation in Canadian women","volume":"24","author":"Leslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03939.x","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer: How should the side effects be monitored and treated?","volume":"74","author":"Grossmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.12788\/j.suponc.0011","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in advanced cancer: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Truant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12062","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in prostate and bladder cancer","volume":"112","author":"Philippou","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0094","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medicines in prostate cancer: From bench to bedside?","volume":"17","author":"Klempner","year":"2012","journal-title":"The oncologist"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64820-3","article-title":"Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"168","author":"Huggins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11215.x","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy: Past, present and future","volume":"109","author":"Schroder","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"The initial administration of an LHRH agonist first causes an increase of LH with a corresponding rise in serum T over 1\u20132 weeks. This increase in T may initially stimulate and worsen the disease and related symptoms. To prevent this phenomenon, administration of an anti-androgen or estrogen for one week before and during the first few weeks of LHRH agonist therapy is often employed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4272","article-title":"Molecular pathology and prostate cancer therapeutics: From biology to bedside","volume":"232","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01237-7","article-title":"Antiandrogen monotherapy: A new form of treatment for patients with prostate cancer","volume":"58","author":"Kolvenbag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.05.004","article-title":"Management of side effects of androgen deprivation therapy","volume":"40","author":"Grossmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.20.0923","article-title":"Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on cardiovascular disease and diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Alibhai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2343-4","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density in men starting androgen deprivation therapy and the protective role of vitamin D","volume":"24","author":"Alibhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3725","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and androgen deprivation therapy in metabolic complications of prostate cancer patients","volume":"125","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saglam, H.S., Kose, O., Kumsar, S., Budak, S., and Adsan, O. (2012). Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile alterations following twelve-month androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Sci. World J., 2012.","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/696329"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2009.35","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy and estrogen deficiency induced adverse effects in the treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Freedland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707103370204","article-title":"Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency","volume":"337","author":"Carani","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1740","article-title":"Update in male osteoporosis","volume":"95","author":"Khosla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3816\/CGC.2010.n.005","article-title":"Contemporary therapeutic approaches targeting bone complications in prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.10.2739","article-title":"Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer","volume":"19","author":"Jacobson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735413477191","article-title":"Black cohosh and breast cancer: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Fritz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"49","article-title":"Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) in the treatment of hot flashes for men on androgen deprivation therapy: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.30","article-title":"Ginseng for managing menopause symptoms: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01641-2","article-title":"Complementary\/alternative therapies for reducing hot flashes in prostate cancer patients: Reevaluating the existing indirect data from studies of breast cancer and postmenopausal women","volume":"59","author":"Moyad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2874","article-title":"Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.735","article-title":"Soy inclusion in the diet improves features of the metabolic syndrome: A randomized crossover study in postmenopausal women","volume":"85","author":"Azadbakht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-007-1452-0","article-title":"Molecular principles of alternative treatment approaches for hormone-refractory prostate cancer","volume":"46","author":"Thelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Der. Urol. Ausg. A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.010983","article-title":"High-dose isoflavones do not improve metabolic and inflammatory parameters in androgen-deprived men with prostate cancer","volume":"32","author":"Napora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00597-8","article-title":"The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flushes","volume":"91","author":"Albertazzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181857979","article-title":"Effects of high-dose isoflavones on metabolic and inflammatory markers in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"16","author":"Charles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.343S","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production","volume":"71","author":"James","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.864","article-title":"Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"301","author":"Lippman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"106","article-title":"Vitamin E diminishes the vasomotor symptoms of menopause","volume":"7","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1948","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"12","article-title":"Menopause and vitamin E","volume":"4","author":"Raffy","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ther. Hung."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1784","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in older men","volume":"94","author":"Orwoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0456","article-title":"Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the women\u2019s health study randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.600","article-title":"Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: The Physicians\u2019 Health Study II randomized controlled trial","volume":"300","author":"Sesso","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9072-y","article-title":"Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.05.002","article-title":"Osteoprotective effects of Cimicifuga racemosa and its triterpene-saponins are responsible for reduction of bone marrow fat","volume":"19","author":"Stecher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001309","article-title":"Association between dietary phyto-oestrogens and bone density in men and postmenopausal women","volume":"106","author":"Kuhnle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0069-9","article-title":"Soy affects trabecular microarchitecture and favorably alters select bone-specific gene expressions in a male rat model of osteoporosis","volume":"78","author":"Soung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.803","article-title":"n-3 Fatty acids are positively associated with peak bone mineral density and bone accrual in healthy men: The NO2 Study","volume":"85","author":"Hogstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600601","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health","volume":"226","author":"Watkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Biol Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.2741\/2989","article-title":"Effects of n-3 fatty acids on autoimmunity and osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-007-9010-8","article-title":"Improvement of bone quality in gonad-intact middle-aged male rats by long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid","volume":"80","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.08.002","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid protects against age-associated bone loss in C57BL\/6 female mice","volume":"18","author":"Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61342-7","article-title":"Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.03.009","article-title":"Management of osteoporosis in elderly men","volume":"69","author":"Gates","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gielen, E., Boonen, S., Vanderschueren, D., Sinnesael, M., Verstuyf, A., Claessens, F., Milisen, K., and Verschueren, S. (2011). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation in men. J. Osteoporos., 2011.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/875249"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs094","article-title":"Who should receive calcium and vitamin D supplementation?","volume":"41","author":"Verbrugge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Cranney, A., Horsley, T., O\u2019Donnell, S., Weiler, H., Puil, L., Ooi, D., Atkinson, S., Ward, L., Moher, D., and Hanley, D. (2007). Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess., 1\u2013235."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01174-8","article-title":"Complementary therapies for reducing the risk of osteoporosis in patients receiving luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone treatment\/orchiectomy for prostate cancer: A review and assessment of the need for more research","volume":"59","author":"Moyad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stabler, S.N., Tejani, A.M., Huynh, F., and Fowkes, C. (2012). Garlic for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007653.pub2"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.12.005","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of garlic bioactives","volume":"34","author":"Shouk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.3.566S","article-title":"Soy, soy phytoestrogens and cardiovascular disease","volume":"132","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2295","article-title":"Effects of the phytoestrogen genistein on some predictors of cardiovascular risk in osteopenic, postmenopausal women: A two-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"92","author":"Atteritano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719676","article-title":"Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk factors: Results from a double blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Bloedon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-007-0011-x","article-title":"Beyond lipids: The role of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil in the prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"9","author":"Jacobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94","article-title":"Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6","article-title":"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids","volume":"56","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.583","article-title":"Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counseling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia","volume":"81","author":"Hjerkinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.142240","article-title":"Low- and high-dose plant and marine (n-3) fatty acids do not affect plasma inflammatory markers in adults with metabolic syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Dewell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1265\/jjh.68.1","article-title":"Selenium supplementation trials for cancer prevention and the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"68","author":"Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045269","article-title":"A randomized trial of selenium supplementation and risk of type-2 diabetes, as assessed by plasma adiponectin","volume":"7","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faghihi, T., Radfar, M., Barmal, M., Amini, P., Qorbani, M., Abdollahi, M., and Larijani, B. (2013). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes: Effects on glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and lipid profile. Am. J. Ther.","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e318269175f"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.06.003","article-title":"A review of select vitamins and minerals used by postmenopausal women","volume":"66","author":"Dennehy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.02.018","article-title":"No effect of selenium supplementation on serum glucose levels in men with prostate cancer","volume":"123","author":"Algotar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristal, A.R., Darke, A.K., Morris, J.S., Tangen, C.M., Goodman, P.J., Thompson, I.M., Meyskens, F.L., Goodman, G.E., Minasian, L.M., and Parnes, H.L. (2014). Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on prostate cancer risk. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 106.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt456"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22573","article-title":"Phase 3 clinical trial investigating the effect of selenium supplementation in men at high-risk for prostate cancer","volume":"73","author":"Algotar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12041","article-title":"Selenium supplementation has no effect on serum glucose levels in men at high risk for Prostate Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1610","article-title":"A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: Results from the Women\u2019s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study","volume":"167","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Internal Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a","article-title":"Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Saremi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2595","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and metabolic risk for atherosclerosis","volume":"93","author":"Shahani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23440","article-title":"Metabolic changes during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer: Differences from the classic metabolic syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9741","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in men with prostate cancer undergoing long-term androgen-deprivation therapy","volume":"24","author":"Dobs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21642","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in men with prostate carcinoma who receive androgen-deprivation therapy","volume":"106","author":"Basaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1036","article-title":"Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men","volume":"27","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0914-1","article-title":"Testosterone and cardiovascular risk","volume":"8","author":"Tirabassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.4.490","article-title":"Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: Prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study","volume":"23","author":"Stellato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61794-3","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"375","author":"Eckel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110908","article-title":"Mechanisms of insulin resistance in aging","volume":"71","author":"Fink","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000127740.96006.1a","article-title":"Changing patterns in competing causes of death in men with prostate cancer: A population based study","volume":"171","author":"Stukel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(1994). WHO Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ. Technical Rep. Ser., 843, 1\u2013129."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.05.038","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of bone complications from prostate cancer","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20388","article-title":"Natural history of bone complications in men with prostate carcinoma initiating androgen deprivation therapy","volume":"101","author":"Krupski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041943","article-title":"Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer","volume":"352","author":"Shahinian","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64561-2","article-title":"Skeletal fractures negatively correlate with overall survival in men with prostate cancer","volume":"168","author":"Oefelein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00895-5","article-title":"Progressive decrease in bone density over 10 years of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"57","author":"Kiratli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6410","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0183","article-title":"Bone loss after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer","volume":"90","author":"Greenspan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)00999-7","article-title":"Bone mineral density changes in patients with prostate cancer during the first 2 years of androgen suppression","volume":"175","author":"Morote","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08483.x","article-title":"Long-term changes in bone mineral density and predicted fracture risk in patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, with stratification of treatment based on presenting values","volume":"104","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533609343001","article-title":"Complementary and alternative medications for women\u2019s health issues","volume":"24","author":"Lloyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Prac."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2006.01.004","article-title":"The use of herbs and dietary supplements in gynecology: An evidence-based review","volume":"51","author":"Dennehy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.03.001","article-title":"Cimicifuga racemosa and its triterpene-saponins prevent the Metabolic Syndrome and deterioration of cartilage in the knee joint of ovariectomized rats by similar mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Eder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70197-3","article-title":"Placebo effect in hot flush research","volume":"13","author":"Mahon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000174470.44822.57","article-title":"Effects of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) on bone turnover, vaginal mucosa, and various blood parameters in postmenopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conjugated estrogens-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Wuttke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.07.007","article-title":"Effects of estradiol-17beta, testosterone and a black cohosh preparation on bone and prostate in orchidectomized rats","volume":"51","author":"Jarry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.07.009","article-title":"Attenuation of nucleoside and anti-cancer nucleoside analog drug uptake in prostate cancer cells by Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO-1055","volume":"20","author":"Dueregger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2174\/157016109789043892","article-title":"Nucleoside transporter proteins","volume":"7","author":"Casado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-007-0390-9","article-title":"Non-hormonal therapy of post-menopausal vasomotor symptoms: A structured evidence-based review","volume":"276","author":"Cheema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine Group","volume":"19","author":"Wiklund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00025","article-title":"Ginsenosides as Anticancer Agents: In vitro and in vivo Activities, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Molecular Mechanisms of Action","volume":"3","author":"Nag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, J., and Chan, P. (2013). Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with traditional chinese and Indian medicinal herbs. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/343594"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.736S","article-title":"Garlic and cardiovascular disease: A critical review","volume":"136","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabito, M.J., and Kaye, A.D. (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine and cardiovascular disease: An evidence-based review. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/672097"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.5517","article-title":"Toremifene improves lipid profiles in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: Interim analysis of a multicenter phase III study","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.016","article-title":"Toremifene to reduce fracture risk in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"189","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-009-0655-x","article-title":"Osteoporosis prevention in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen ablation therapy: Placebo-controlled double-blind study of estradiol and risedronate: N01C8","volume":"18","author":"Kearns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.08.094","article-title":"Role of estrogen in normal male function: Clinical implications for patients with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy","volume":"185","author":"Wibowo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"(1967). Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. The Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 124, 1011\u20131017."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"165","article-title":"Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: Results of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group studies","volume":"7","author":"Byar","year":"1987","journal-title":"NCI Monographs"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"297","article-title":"Clinical review 92: Phytoestrogens","volume":"83","author":"Murkies","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20987","article-title":"Molecular aspects of phytoestrogen selective binding at estrogen receptors","volume":"96","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.4.8","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. LXIV. Estrogen receptors","volume":"58","author":"Cavailles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.262","article-title":"The unitary model for estrogen deficiency and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: Is a revision needed?","volume":"26","author":"Khosla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.6.1826","article-title":"Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: The Framingham study(1\u20134)","volume":"131","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3322\/CA.2007.0010","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Jemal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.162","article-title":"Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"87","author":"Villegas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0161","article-title":"Decreased circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in postmenopausal women during consumption of soy-containing isoflavones","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.07.030","article-title":"Lack of an effect of high dose isoflavones in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy","volume":"182","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275","article-title":"Selenium in human health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox signal."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.02.014","article-title":"Protection against reactive oxygen species by selenoproteins","volume":"1790","author":"Steinbrenner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"193","article-title":"Relations between metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Holvoet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Verhandelingen"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"3150","article-title":"Differential expression and androgen regulation of the human selenium-binding protein gene hSP56 in prostate cancer cells","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00630.x","article-title":"Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: Results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial","volume":"81","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.16.1219","article-title":"Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer","volume":"90","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nat. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04167.x","article-title":"Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: An analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial","volume":"91","author":"Dalkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of selenium and type 2 diabetes: Can we make sense of it?","volume":"65","author":"Rayman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10497","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140510497","article-title":"Obesity-associated oxidative stress: Strategies finalized to improve redox state","volume":"14","author":"Savini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"142","article-title":"Serum Levels of TNF-, IL-6, and Selenium in Patients with Acute and Chronic Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"3","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00380.2010","article-title":"Reducing selenoprotein P expression suppresses adipocyte differentiation as a result of increased preadipocyte inflammation","volume":"300","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-002FR","article-title":"High selenium intake and increased diabetes risk: Experimental evidence for interplay between selenium and carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Steinbrenner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.016","article-title":"Interference of selenium and selenoproteins with the insulin-regulated carbohydrate and lipid metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Steinbrenner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.146498","article-title":"Soy content of basal diets determines the effects of supplemental selenium in male mice","volume":"141","author":"Quiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.560s","article-title":"Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease","volume":"70","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nettleton, J.A. (1995). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2071-9"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.598849","article-title":"Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate cancer protection: A review","volume":"63","author":"Heinze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707782023307","article-title":"Fish oils and vascular disease prevention: An update","volume":"14","author":"Tziomalos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1499S","article-title":"n-3 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Carpentier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.56.319","article-title":"The role of consumption of alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in human metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes--a mini-review","volume":"56","author":"Barre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-007-9075-x","article-title":"Dietary fat-gene interactions in cancer","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.05.031","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study)","volume":"110","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.04.015","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial)","volume":"108","author":"Bays","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.171S","article-title":"Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"71","author":"Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr290","article-title":"Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on castration-resistant Pten-null prostate cancer","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2011.570892","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid inhibition of prostate cancer progression to hormone independence is associated with suppression of mTOR signaling and androgen receptor expression","volume":"63","author":"Friedrichs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21359","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid selectively induces human prostate cancer cell sensitivity to oxidative stress through modulation of NF-kappaB","volume":"71","author":"Cavazos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070989","article-title":"Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance hormone ablation therapy in androgen-dependent prostate cancer","volume":"173","author":"McEntee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr520","article-title":"Dietary fatty acid intake and prostate cancer survival in Orebro County, Sweden","volume":"176","author":"Epstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0298","article-title":"Phase II prospective randomized trial of a low-fat diet with fish oil supplementation in men undergoing radical prostatectomy","volume":"4","author":"Aronson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2503","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 fatty acids, cyclooxygenase-2 genetic variation, and aggressive prostate cancer risk","volume":"15","author":"Fradet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.03.044","article-title":"Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"269","author":"Berquin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29530","article-title":"Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Szymanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.05.010","article-title":"Inflammatory markers are not altered by an eight week dietary alpha-linolenic acid intervention in healthy abdominally obese adult males and females","volume":"38","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-001-0831-4","article-title":"Influence of dietary supplementation with long-chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood inflammatory cell populations and functions and on plasma soluble adhesion molecules in healthy adults","volume":"36","author":"Thies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.2991","article-title":"Dietary alpha-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.113472","article-title":"Increased consumption of fatty and lean fish reduces serum C-reactive protein concentrations but not inflammation markers in feces and in colonic biopsies","volume":"140","author":"Pot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.020","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals","volume":"204","author":"Micallef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.100354","article-title":"DHA supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in hypertriglyceridemic men","volume":"139","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601986","article-title":"Intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish does not lower serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects","volume":"58","author":"Geelen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2003.09.012","article-title":"Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers","volume":"53","author":"Kaul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1061","article-title":"Fish oil in combination with high or low intakes of linoleic acid lowers plasma triacylglycerols but does not affect other cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men","volume":"138","author":"Damsgaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.02.002","article-title":"Influence of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged men","volume":"78","author":"Yusof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.63","article-title":"No effect of fish oil supplementation on serum inflammatory markers and their interrelationships: A randomized controlled trial in healthy, middle-aged individuals","volume":"63","author":"Pot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.52.261","article-title":"The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid-fortified food on inflammatory markers in healthy subjects\u2014A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"52","author":"Fujioka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9465-1","article-title":"Prospective studies of dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Carayol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2009.00946.x","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr Diet."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, M.E., Sio, M.C., Sorongon, M.C., and Dy, J.S. (2012). Relationship of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 Fatty acids with risk of prostate cancer development: A meta-analysis of prospective studies and review of literature. Prostate Cancer, 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/826254"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.1056","article-title":"The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can.Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.6.935","article-title":"Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: A review of potential mechanisms","volume":"79","author":"Larsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Effect of isocaloric low-fat diet on human LAPC-4 prostate cancer xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice and the insulin-like growth factor axis","volume":"9","author":"Ngo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5616","article-title":"Effect of low-fat diet on development of prostate cancer and Akt phosphorylation in the Hi-Myc transgenic mouse model","volume":"68","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31494","article-title":"Modulation of prostate cancer genetic risk by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids","volume":"117","author":"Berquin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090","article-title":"Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Platz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.1492","article-title":"Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0051","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D supplementation during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A critical review","volume":"17","author":"Datta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2794-2","article-title":"Clinician\u2019s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Cosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06695.x","article-title":"The relationship between daily calcium intake and bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer","volume":"99","author":"Planas","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.03.026","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and duration of androgen deprivation affect bone mineral density of patients with prostate cancer during first year of therapy","volume":"70","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0432-2","article-title":"Lower vitamin E serum levels are associated with osteoporosis in early postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(03)00011-2","article-title":"Management of surgically hypogonadal patients unable to take sex hormone replacement therapy","volume":"32","author":"Nieman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.003","article-title":"Why have antioxidants failed in clinical trials?","volume":"101","author":"Steinhubl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/10\/4491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:13Z","timestamp":1760217433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/10\/4491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu6104491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6104491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]}}}