{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:30:09Z","timestamp":1773279009525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1413849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the effects of oral administration of high-dose or low-dose glutamine dipeptide (GDP), alanine (ALA), glutamine (GLN), and ALA + GLN on the blood availability of amino acids in rats submitted to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Insulin detemir (1 U\/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to produce IIH; this was followed by oral administration of GDP, GLN + ALA, GLN, or ALA. We observed higher blood levels of GLN, 30 min after oral administration of high-dose GDP (1000 mg\/kg) than after administration of ALA (381 mg\/kg) + GLN (619 mg\/kg), GLN (619 mg\/kg), or ALA  (381 mg\/kg). However, we did not observe the same differences after oral administration of low-dose GDP (100 mg\/kg) compared with ALA (38.1 mg\/kg) + GLN (61.9 mg\/kg), GLN (61.9 mg\/kg), or ALA (38.1 mg\/kg). We also observed less liver catabolism of GDP compared to ALA and GLN. In conclusion, high-dose GDP promoted higher blood levels of GLN than oral ALA + GLN, GLN, or ALA. Moreover, the lower levels of liver catabolism of GDP, compared to ALA or GLN, contributed to the superior performance of high-dose GDP in terms of blood availability of GLN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6104520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1413886065000},"page":"4520-4530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Comparison of the Effects of Oral Glutamine Dipeptide, Glutamine, and Alanine on Blood Amino Acid Availability in Rats Submitted to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Vania","family":"Minguetti-C\u00e2mara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1,  Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Any","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1,  Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Schiavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1,  Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1,  Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1, Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bazotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1,  Paran\u00e1 State 87020-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2741\/3690","article-title":"Amino acids and diabetes: Implications for endocrine, metabolic and immune function","volume":"16","author":"Newsholme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. 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