{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:57:42Z","timestamp":1787590662559,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epidemiological studies have shown the prevention of cardiovascular diseases through the regular consumption of vegetables. Eruca sativa Mill., commonly known as rocket, is a leafy vegetable that has anti-inflammatory activity. However, its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities have not been described.  Methods: Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract (0.1 to 1 mg\/mL), was evaluated on human platelets: (i) P-selectin expression by flow cytometry; (ii) platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid; (iii) IL-1\u03b2, TGF-\u03b21, CCL5 and thromboxane B2 release; and (iv) activation of NF-\u03baB and PKA by western blot. Furthermore,  (v) antithrombotic activity (200 mg\/kg) and (vi) bleeding time in murine models were evaluated. Results: Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract (0.1 to  1 mg\/mL) inhibited P-selectin expression and platelet aggregation induced by ADP. The release of platelet inflammatory mediators (IL-1\u03b2, TGF-\u03b21, CCL5 and thromboxane B2) induced by ADP was inhibited by Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract. Furthermore, Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract inhibited NF-\u03baB activation. Finally, in murine models, Eruca sativa Mill. aqueous extract showed significant antithrombotic activity and a slight effect on bleeding time. Conclusion: Eruca sativa Mill. presents antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6125839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T10:06:43Z","timestamp":1418378803000},"page":"5839-5852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A Novel Role of Eruca sativa Mill. (Rocket) Extract: Antiplatelet (NF-\u03baB Inhibition) and Antithrombotic Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0099-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule 3460000, R09I2001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule 3460000, R09I2001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilda","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Palomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule 3460000, R09I2001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052756t","article-title":"Ontogenic profiling of glucosinolates, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites in Eruca sativa (salad rocket), Diplotaxis erucoides (wall rocket), Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), and Bunias orientalis (Turkish rocket)","volume":"54","author":"Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010","article-title":"The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease","volume":"134","author":"Joshipura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9002973","article-title":"Analysis of phytochemical composition and chemoprotective capacity of rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) leafy salad following cultivation in different environments","volume":"57","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501096x","article-title":"Glucosinolates, myrosinase hydrolysis products, and flavonols found in rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia)","volume":"62","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14720\/aas.2013.101.1.14947","article-title":"Production of rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) on plug trays and on a floating system in relation to reduced nitrate content","volume":"101","author":"Jakse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Slov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.017","article-title":"In vivo biological activity of rocket extracts (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell) and sulforaphane","volume":"50","author":"Font","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1958","article-title":"Rocket \u201cEruca sativa\u201d: A salad herb with potential gastric anti-ulcer activity","volume":"15","author":"Alqasoumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587214527452","article-title":"Antiulcer Effect of Extract\/Fractions of Eruca sativa : Attenuation of Urease Activity","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04361.x","article-title":"Platelet adhesion and activation mechanisms in arterial thrombosis and ischaemic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Nieswandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207522","article-title":"Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301838200","article-title":"Two waves of platelet secretion induced by thromboxane A2 receptor and a critical role for phosphoinositide 3-kinases","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000251742.71301.16","article-title":"Activation of platelet function through G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"99","author":"Offermanns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2748com","article-title":"Human atheromatous plaques stimulate thrombus formation by activating platelet glycoprotein VI","volume":"19","author":"Penz","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Urresterazu, M. (2004). Tratado de Cultivos sin Suelo, Ediciones Mundi Prensa."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Carrasco, G., and Izquierdo, J. (2005). Manual T\u00e9cnico, Universidad de Talca y FAO Oficina Regional para Am\u00e9rica Latina y El Caribe, Universidad de Talca."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/147031","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation and HPLC determination of bioactive compound that relate to the anti-platelet activity (adhesion, secretion and aggregation) from Solanum lycopersicum","volume":"2012","author":"Fuentes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(91)82294-9","article-title":"Dynamic measurements of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor for fibrinogen by flow cytometry. I. Methodology, theory and results for two distinct activators","volume":"59","author":"Frojmovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1963.sp007185","article-title":"The Aggregation of Blood Platelets","volume":"168","author":"Born","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-006-0410-1","article-title":"Adaptation of a photochemical method to initiate recurrent platelet-mediated thrombosis in small animals","volume":"22","author":"Przyklenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(76)90261-9","article-title":"Effects of anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and vasoactive compounds on tail bleeding time, whole blood coagulation time and platelet retention by glass beads in rats","volume":"8","author":"Goossens","year":"1976","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(02)00130-5","article-title":"Demonstration of an activation regulated NF-kappaB\/I-kappaBalpha complex in human platelets","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2011.1.62","article-title":"Advances in antiplatelet therapy","volume":"2011","author":"Michelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041519","article-title":"Nitrates and glucosinolates as strong determinants of the nutritional quality in rocket leafy salads","volume":"6","author":"Cavaiuolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.03.022","article-title":"Antigenotoxic properties of Eruca sativa (rocket plant), erucin and erysolin in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells towards benzo(a)pyrene and their mode of action","volume":"46","author":"Lamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4535","article-title":"Rocket salad (Diplotaxis and Eruca spp.) sensory analysis and relation with glucosinolate and phenolic content","volume":"91","author":"Pasini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00059-0","article-title":"Quercetin 3,3\u2032,4\u2032-tri-O-beta-d-glucopyranosides from leaves of Eruca sativa (Mill.)","volume":"57","author":"Weckerle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(91)90208-E","article-title":"Inhibition of platelet aggregation by some flavonoids","volume":"64","author":"Tzeng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of flavonoids on the platelet adhesiveness in repeatedly bred rats","volume":"29","author":"Sempinska","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0827-2","article-title":"Treatment with quercetin and 3\u2032,4\u2032-dihydroxyflavonol inhibits platelet function and reduces thrombus formation in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Mosawy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161033476772","article-title":"Platelet activation, inflammatory mediators and hypercholesterolemia","volume":"1","author":"Ferroni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03492.x","article-title":"NF-kappaB inhibitors impair platelet activation responses","volume":"7","author":"Malaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0703-0","article-title":"Laser-induced thrombus formation in mouse brain microvasculature: effect of clopidogrel","volume":"34","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10451","article-title":"Risk of bleeding complications with antiplatelet agents: Meta-analysis of 338,191 patients enrolled in 50 randomized controlled trials","volume":"75","author":"Serebruany","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/12\/5839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:58Z","timestamp":1760217058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/6\/12\/5839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu6125839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu6125839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]]}}}