{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:17:39Z","timestamp":1789834659647,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over recent years, studies have demonstrated links between risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood and adverse events that occurred very early in life during fetal development. The concept that there are embryonic and fetal adaptive responses to a sub-optimal intrauterine environment often brought about by poor maternal diet that result in permanent adverse consequences to life-long health is consistent with the definition of \u201cprogramming\u201d. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on long-term cardiac structure and function, with particular emphasis on the effects of maternal protein restriction. Much of our recent knowledge has been derived from animal models. We review the current literature of one of the most commonly used models of IUGR (maternal protein restriction in rats), in relation to birth weight and postnatal growth, blood pressure and cardiac structure and function. In doing so, we highlight the complexity of developmental programming, with regards to timing, degree of severity of the insult, genotype and the subsequent postnatal phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T10:58:34Z","timestamp":1419850714000},"page":"119-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Developmental Programming of Cardiovascular Disease Following Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Findings Utilising  A Rat Model of Maternal Protein Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Vladislava","family":"Zohdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungjoon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91224-A","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life","volume":"341","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-199701000-00017","article-title":"Intra-uterine programming of the adult cardiovascular system","volume":"6","author":"Barker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7105.396","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of women followed up since 1976","volume":"315","author":"Stampfer","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7222.1403","article-title":"Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study","volume":"319","author":"Forsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.03.010","article-title":"Adverse cardiac remodeling due to maternal low protein diet is associated with alterations in expression of genes regulating glucose metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Tappia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.27","article-title":"Impaired myocardial performance in a normotensive rat model of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"75","author":"Toka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5","article-title":"The thrifty phenotype hypothesis","volume":"60","author":"Hales","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564","article-title":"Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease","volume":"298","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6746.259","article-title":"Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"65","article-title":"The fetal origins of hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Barker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Nephrol. Necker Hosp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085597","article-title":"Childhood growth and hypertension in later life","volume":"49","author":"Eriksson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6998.171","article-title":"Fetal origins of coronary heart disease","volume":"311","author":"Barker","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6971.17","article-title":"Weight in infancy and prevalence of coronary heart disease in adult life","volume":"310","author":"Fall","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7153.241","article-title":"Reduced fetal growth rate and increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease: Cohort study of 15,000 swedish men and women born 1915\u201329","volume":"317","author":"Leon","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7181.427","article-title":"Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study","volume":"318","author":"Eriksson","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7292.949","article-title":"Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: Longitudinal study","volume":"322","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044160","article-title":"Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults","volume":"353","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1808","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in childhood: Association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"115","author":"Boney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2012.0031","article-title":"Is the metabolic syndrome a \u201csmall baby\u201d syndrome?: The bogalusa heart study","volume":"10","author":"Harville","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1102","article-title":"Impaired microvascular vasodilatory function in 3-month-old infants of low birth weight","volume":"24","author":"Goh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2","article-title":"The developmental origins of insulin resistance","volume":"64","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90021-7","article-title":"The low birth weight hypothesis as a plausible explanation for the black\/white differences in hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and end-stage renal disease","volume":"25","author":"Lopes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2377","article-title":"Is low birth weight a risk factor for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?","volume":"160","author":"Vaag","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ugeskr. Laeger"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.042","article-title":"Is low birth weight an antecedent of ckd in later life? A systemic review of observational studies","volume":"54","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"30","article-title":"Congenital oligonephropathy: The fetal flaw in essential hypertension?","volume":"55","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020549","article-title":"Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension","volume":"348","author":"Keller","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"91","article-title":"Are poor living conditions in childhood and adolescence an important risk factor for arteriosclerotic heart disease?","volume":"31","author":"Forsdahl","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.33.3.199","article-title":"Deaths from ischaemic heart disease and infant mortality in england and wales","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00403383","article-title":"Birthweight and adult health outcomes in a biethnic population in the USA","volume":"37","author":"Valdez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199608000-00002","article-title":"Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systemic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04547-3","article-title":"Fetal growth and coronary heart disease in south india","volume":"348","author":"Stein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199808000-00004","article-title":"Low birth weight and cardiovascular disease: Myth or reality?","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frontini, M.G., Srinivasan, S.R., Xu, J., and Berenson, G.S. (2004). Low birth weight and longitudinal trends of cardiovascular risk factor variables from childhood to adolescence: The bogalusa heart study. BMC Pediatr., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-4-22"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.244","article-title":"Birth weight and coronary artery disease. The effect of gender and diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Banci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000288","article-title":"Interactions of perturbations in intrauterine growth and growth during childhood on the risk of adult-onset disease","volume":"59","author":"Yajnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2486","article-title":"Birth weight, postnatal growth, and risk for high blood pressure at 7 years of age: Results from the collaborative perinatal project","volume":"119","author":"Hemachandra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803394","article-title":"Perinatal and childhood origins of cardiovascular disease","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018070-00002","article-title":"The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Huxley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.07.063","article-title":"Placental programming of chronic diseases, cancer and lifespan: A review","volume":"34","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7079.475","article-title":"Size at birth and blood pressure: Cross sectional study in 8\u201311 year old children","volume":"314","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70297-0","article-title":"Relationship between birthweight and blood pressure in childhood","volume":"33","author":"Yiu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00064-X","article-title":"Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight and subsequent blood pressure in early childhood","volume":"57","author":"Blake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092538","article-title":"Developmental determinants of blood pressure in adults","volume":"25","author":"Adair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6869.24","article-title":"Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life","volume":"306","author":"Law","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7028.401","article-title":"Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50 year old swedish men","volume":"312","author":"Leon","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/08037059709062073","article-title":"Size at birth and hypertension in longitudinally followed 50\u201370-year-old men","volume":"6","author":"Koupilova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.12.3246","article-title":"Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in us men","volume":"94","author":"Curhan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.267","article-title":"Birth weight, growth, and blood pressure: An annual follow-up study of children aged 5 through 21 years","volume":"30","author":"Uiterwaal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.7.597","article-title":"Gestational age and growth rate of fetal mass are inversely associated with systolic blood pressure in young adults: An epidemiologic study of 165,136 swedish men aged 18 years","volume":"152","author":"Leon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.024406","article-title":"The dangerous road of catch-up growth","volume":"547","author":"Hales","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118500.23649.DF","article-title":"Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health?","volume":"109","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.401S","article-title":"Programming by early nutrition: An experimental approach","volume":"128","author":"Lucas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7","article-title":"Early origins of cardiovascular disease: Is there a unifying hypothesis?","volume":"363","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7204.245","article-title":"Fetal origins of adult disease-the hypothesis revisited","volume":"319","author":"Lucas","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104677","article-title":"Fetal, infant, and childhood growth and adult blood pressure: A longitudinal study from birth to 22 years of age","volume":"105","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000148304.33869.ee","article-title":"Early life factors and blood pressure at age 31 years in the 1966 northern finland birth cohort","volume":"44","author":"Jarvelin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.07.016","article-title":"A twin study of cognitive costs of low birth weight and catch-up growth","volume":"154","author":"Bartels","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.056","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction and cell damage across clinical stages of severity in growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"199","author":"Crispi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710715","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for ischemic heart disease: Disentangling the roles of birth weight and preterm birth","volume":"117","author":"Kaijser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.937995","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction results in remodeled and less efficient hearts in children","volume":"121","author":"Crispi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030031","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: Results from a prospective cohort","volume":"88","author":"Soto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00008","article-title":"The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes","volume":"133","author":"Forsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7240.967","article-title":"Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: Prospective cohort study","volume":"320","author":"Ong","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.5.790","article-title":"Fetal and childhood growth and hypertension in adult life","volume":"36","author":"Eriksson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01361.x","article-title":"Low birth weight in combination with catch-up growth predicts the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome in men at late middle age: The atherosclerosis and insulin resistance study","volume":"256","author":"Fagerberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6202.1431","article-title":"Infants of low birth weight","volume":"2","author":"Valman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.11.2311","article-title":"Intrauterine growth: Correlation of infant birth weight and maternal postpartum weight","volume":"33","author":"Luke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.343","article-title":"Preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and perinatal mortality","volume":"82","author":"Kiely","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"490","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"99","author":"Resnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: Definition and etiology","volume":"49","author":"Wollmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30836-4","article-title":"Assessment of fetal growth","volume":"13","author":"Lockwood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.026","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction, brain-sparing effect, and neurotrophins","volume":"1092","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb06314.x","article-title":"Evidence of redistribution of cardiac output in asymmetrical growth retardation","volume":"96","author":"Beeby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80030-3","article-title":"Neonatal morphometrics and perinatal outcome: Who is growth retarded?","volume":"157","author":"Patterson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"453","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: Identification and management","volume":"58","author":"Peleg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345248","article-title":"Maternal nutrition, fetal weight, body composition and disease in later life","volume":"26","author":"Zadik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19740050","article-title":"Trace elements in foetal and early postnatal development","volume":"33","author":"Widdowson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000113181","article-title":"Undernutrition and growth restriction in pregnancy","volume":"61","author":"Bergmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Workshop Ser. Pediatr. Program"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000184197","article-title":"Outcome of low birthweight","volume":"42","author":"Barker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000113499","article-title":"Concluding remarks. The window of opportunity: Pre-pregnancy to 24 months of age","volume":"61","author":"Barker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Workshop Ser. Pediatr. Program"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960065","article-title":"Organ-selective growth in the offspring of protein-restricted mothers","volume":"76","author":"Desai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.12.001","article-title":"Adolescent cortical development: A critical period of vulnerability for addiction","volume":"86","author":"Crews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20198","article-title":"The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health","volume":"93","author":"Gluckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1344s","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and adult disease","volume":"71","author":"Godfrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.195","article-title":"Nutritional programming of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Symonds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"38","article-title":"Programming by early nutrition in man","volume":"156","author":"Lucas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symp."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(95)02148-L","article-title":"Maternal nutrition in relation to fetal and placental growth","volume":"61","author":"Godfrey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005478","article-title":"Developmental programming of health and disease","volume":"65","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.003","article-title":"The fetal, neonatal, and infant environments-the long-term consequences for disease risk","volume":"81","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00127.2004","article-title":"Impact of periconceptional nutrition on maternal and fetal leptin and fetal adiposity in singleton and twin pregnancies","volume":"288","author":"Edwards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00736.2001","article-title":"Periconceptional nutrition programs development of the cardiovascular system in the fetal sheep","volume":"283","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00511.x","article-title":"Programming of adult blood pressure by maternal protein restriction: Role of nephrogenesis","volume":"65","author":"Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0175-x","article-title":"A developmental nephron deficit in rats is associated with increased susceptibility to a secondary renal injury due to advanced glycation end-products","volume":"49","author":"Zimanyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00442.2006","article-title":"Effects of dietary protein restriction on nephron number in the mouse","volume":"292","author":"Hoppe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.01.050","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal disease in the adolescent guinea pig after chronic placental insufficiency","volume":"191","author":"Briscoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000457","article-title":"Experimental intrauterine growth retardation alters renal development","volume":"15","author":"Bassan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00119.2007","article-title":"Nephrogenesis and the renal renin-angiotensin system in fetal sheep: Effects of intrauterine growth restriction during late gestation","volume":"293","author":"Zohdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000157726.65492.CD","article-title":"Effect of intrauterine growth restriction on the number of cardiomyocytes in rat hearts","volume":"57","author":"Corstius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20789","article-title":"The influence of naturally occurring differences in birthweight on ventricular cardiomyocyte number in sheep","volume":"292","author":"Stacy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19820053","article-title":"Early life undernutrition in rats. 1. Quantitative histology of skeletal muscles from underfed young and refed adult animals","volume":"47","author":"Bedi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.02.003","article-title":"Altered muscle development and expression of the insulin-like growth factor system in growth retarded fetal pigs","volume":"32","author":"Tilley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83112564x","article-title":"The effect of maternal undernutrition before muscle differentiation on the muscle fiber development of the newborn lamb","volume":"83","author":"Fahey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000243170","article-title":"Effect of a low protein diet during pregnancy on the fetal rat endocrine pancreas","volume":"57","author":"Snoeck","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-805","article-title":"Effect of early gestational undernutrition on angiogenic factor expression and vascularity in the bovine placentome","volume":"85","author":"Vonnahme","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.6.1578","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction influences the programming of the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"126","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000048220","article-title":"Perinatal maternal food restriction induces alterations in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and in plasma corticosterone-binding globulin capacity of weaning rat pups","volume":"75","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90114-6","article-title":"Amniotic fluid in baboon pregnancies with normal versus growth-retarded fetuses","volume":"155","author":"Brans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"575","article-title":"Single umbilical artery ligation-induced fetal growth retardation: Effect on postnatal adaptation","volume":"263","author":"Oyama","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Renal and amniotic fluid responses to umbilicoplacental embolization for 20 days in fetal sheep","volume":"273","author":"Cock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200012000-00018","article-title":"Placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction lead to postnatal hypotension and altered postnatal growth in sheep","volume":"48","author":"Louey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140490451244","article-title":"Pulmonary elastin synthesis and deposition in developing and mature sheep: Effects of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"30","author":"Cock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000120681.61201.B4","article-title":"Nephron endowment and filtration surface area in the kidney after growth restriction of fetal sheep","volume":"55","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.121160","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction delays cardiomyocyte maturation and alters coronary artery function in the fetal sheep","volume":"578","author":"Bubb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00865473","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation leads to a permanent nephron deficit in the rat","volume":"8","author":"Gilbert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00022-3","article-title":"Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat","volume":"64","author":"Welham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000079868","article-title":"Does a nephron deficit in rats predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension?","volume":"27","author":"Zimanyi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041392","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal undernutrition induces adult cardiac dysfunction","volume":"93","author":"Cheema","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: A review","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19730086","article-title":"Perinatal mortality, growth and survival to weaning in offspring of rats reared on diets moderately deficient in protein","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Altered muscle insulin sensitivity in the male offspring of protein-malnourished rats","volume":"271","author":"Ozanne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200104000-00005","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction suppresses the newborn renin-angiotensin system and programs adult hypertension in rats","volume":"49","author":"Woods","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803205","article-title":"Exposure to undernutrition in fetal life determines fat distribution, locomotor activity and food intake in ageing rats","volume":"30","author":"Bellinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001966","article-title":"Intrauterine growth retardation aggravates the course of acute mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat","volume":"70","author":"Plank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20080294","article-title":"Prenatal programming of renal sodium handling in the rat","volume":"117","author":"Alwasel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90704.2008","article-title":"Early postnatal overfeeding induces early chronic renal dysfunction in adult male rats","volume":"297","author":"Boubred","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0980269","article-title":"Antihypertensive treatment in early postnatal life modulates prenatal dietary influences upon blood pressure in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Sherman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.194928","article-title":"Prenatal protein restriction leads to a disparity between aortic and peripheral blood pressure in wistar male offspring","volume":"588","author":"Swali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.19.4195","article-title":"Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension","volume":"127","author":"Kwong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00358.2001","article-title":"Upregulation of renal bsc1 and tsc in prenatally programmed hypertension","volume":"283","author":"Manning","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000166390","article-title":"Protein restriction during pregnancy induces hypertension and impairs endothelium-dependent vascular function in adult female offspring","volume":"46","author":"Sathishkumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91006.2008","article-title":"Prenatal programming of rat thick ascending limb chloride transport by low-protein diet and dexamethasone","volume":"297","author":"Dagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.177","article-title":"Evidence that prenatal programming of hypertension by dietary protein deprivation is mediated by fetal glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"24","author":"Habib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0860217","article-title":"Increased systolic blood pressure in adult rats induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets","volume":"86","author":"Langley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000560","article-title":"Low birth weight-associated adult hypertension in the rat","volume":"16","author":"Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.1.108","article-title":"Prenatal malnutrition-induced changes in blood pressure: Dissociation of stress and nonstress responses using radiotelemetry","volume":"32","author":"Tonkiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00484.x","article-title":"Prenatal programming of adult hypertension in the rat","volume":"59","author":"Vehaskari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00201.2009","article-title":"The timing of \u201ccatch-up growth\u201d affects metabolism and appetite regulation in male rats born with intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"297","author":"Coupe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190802485442","article-title":"Transient growth hormone therapy to rats with low protein-inflicted intrauterine growth restriction does not prevent elevated blood pressure in later life","volume":"26","author":"Plank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1134","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to reduced pgc-1alpha expression via altered DNA methylation in skeletal muscle","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menendez-Castro, C., Fahlbusch, F., Cordasic, N., Amann, K., Munzel, K., Plank, C., Wachtveitl, R., Rascher, W., Hilgers, K.F., and Hartner, A. (2011). Early and late postnatal myocardial and vascular changes in a protein restriction rat model of intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS One, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020369"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00037.2003","article-title":"Modest maternal protein restriction fails to program adult hypertension in female rats","volume":"289","author":"Woods","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000220361.08181.c3","article-title":"Effect of maternal protein restriction in rats on cardiac fibrosis and capillarization in adulthood","volume":"60","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21084","article-title":"Effect of maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation on the number of cardiomyocytes in the postproliferative weanling rat heart","volume":"293","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31822a65a3","article-title":"IUGR in the absence of postnatal \u201ccatch-up\u201d growth leads to improved whole body insulin sensitivity in rat offspring","volume":"70","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00564.2010","article-title":"Induction of hyperglycemia in adult intrauterine growth-restricted rats: Effects on renal function","volume":"301","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.94","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction coupled with hyperglycemia: Effects on cardiac structure in adult rats","volume":"72","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001784","article-title":"Elevated vascular resistance and afterload reduce the cardiac output response to dobutamine in early growth-restricted rats in adulthood","volume":"106","author":"Zohdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0381-x","article-title":"Evidence of altered biochemical composition in the hearts of adult intrauterine growth-restricted rats","volume":"52","author":"Zohdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zohdi, V., Pearson, J.T., Kett, M.M., Lombardo, P., Schneider, M., and Black, M.J. (2014). When early life growth restriction in rats is followed by attenuated postnatal growth: Effects on cardiac function in adulthood. Eur. J. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0752-6"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000065731.00639.02","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring","volume":"54","author":"Brawley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450769182X","article-title":"Fetal exposure to a maternal low-protein diet is associated with altered left ventricular pressure response to ischaemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"98","author":"Elmes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.6.1525","article-title":"Maintenance of maternal diet-induced hypertension in the rat is dependent on glucocorticoids","volume":"30","author":"Gardner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508057607","article-title":"Intergenerational programming of impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension in rats following maternal protein restriction during pregnancy","volume":"101","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(94)90056-6","article-title":"In utero exposure to maternal low protein diets induces hypertension in weanling rats, independently of maternal blood pressure changes","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(96)80010-5","article-title":"Protein intake in pregnancy, placental glucocorticoid metabolism and the programming of hypertension in the rat","volume":"17","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00435.2004","article-title":"Maternal low-protein diet in rat pregnancy programs blood pressure through sex-specific mechanisms","volume":"288","author":"McMullen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031029","article-title":"Prenatal programming of angiotensin ii type 2 receptor expression in the rat","volume":"91","author":"McMullen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2104-9","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to a maternal low protein diet reduces adult bone mass and alters growth plate morphology in rats","volume":"71","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500000118","article-title":"Evidence of progressive deterioration of renal function in rats exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero","volume":"83","author":"Nwagwu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00031.2005","article-title":"Microvascular rarefaction and decreased angiogenesis in rats with fetal programming of hypertension associated with exposure to a low-protein diet in utero","volume":"289","author":"Pladys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00319.2005","article-title":"Phospholipid profile of developing heart of rats exposed to low-protein diet in pregnancy","volume":"289","author":"Tappia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effects of amino acid supplementation on myocardial cell damage and cardiac function in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Tappia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000215580.43711.d1","article-title":"Folate supplementation during pregnancy improves offspring cardiovascular dysfunction induced by protein restriction","volume":"47","author":"Torrens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.345","article-title":"Adolescent hyperactivity of offspring after maternal protein restriction during the second half of gestation and lactation periods in rats","volume":"37","author":"Ohishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.11.002","article-title":"Pre- and\/or postnatal protein restriction in rats impairs learning and motivation in male offspring","volume":"29","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.100313","article-title":"A low maternal protein diet during pregnancy and lactation has sex- and window of exposure-specific effects on offspring growth and food intake, glucose metabolism and serum leptin in the rat","volume":"571","author":"Zambrano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1996.0163","article-title":"Rapid transition of cardiac myocytes from hyperplasia to hypertrophy during postnatal development","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000155942.18096.9C","article-title":"Periconceptional undernutrition alters growth trajectory and metabolic and endocrine responses to fasting in late-gestation fetal sheep","volume":"57","author":"Oliver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"397","article-title":"The effects of maternal nutrition around the time of conception on the health of the offspring","volume":"64","author":"Oliver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2008.06.020","article-title":"Maternal nutrition: Effects on offspring fertility and importance of the periconceptional period on long-term development","volume":"36","author":"Picone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.12.004","article-title":"Periconceptional nutrition and the early programming of a life of obesity or adversity","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00188.x","article-title":"Developmental origins of adult health and disease: The role of periconceptional and foetal nutrition","volume":"102","author":"McMillen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181bbde72","article-title":"Different periods of periconceptional undernutrition have different effects on growth, metabolic and endocrine status in fetal sheep","volume":"66","author":"Rumball","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm042","article-title":"Birth weight and systolic blood pressure in adolescence and adulthood: Meta-regression analysis of sex- and age-specific results from 20 nordic studies","volume":"166","author":"Gamborg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833cd31f","article-title":"Amplification of the association between birthweight and blood pressure with age: The bogalusa heart study","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.176","article-title":"Adult hypertension is associated with blood pressure variability in childhood in blacks and whites: The bogalusa heart study","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"343","article-title":"Prenatal dexamethasone \u201cprogrammes\u201d hypotension, but stress-induced hypertension in adult offspring","volume":"196","author":"Kenyon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.03.002","article-title":"The developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Gluckman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.072009","article-title":"Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance: How strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals?","volume":"561","author":"Armitage","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2003","article-title":"Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: Prediction, plasticity, and programming","volume":"85","author":"McMillen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2005417","article-title":"Fetal origins of insulin resistance and obesity","volume":"64","author":"Stocker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00848.2009","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction leads to hyperresponsiveness to stress and salt-sensitive hypertension in male offspring","volume":"298","author":"Augustyniak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283588e0f","article-title":"The fetal origins of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence from animal experiments of maternal undernutrition","volume":"30","author":"Veenendaal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV9SRA7","article-title":"Home and ambulatory blood pressure in resistant hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Grassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00690","article-title":"Long-term prognostic value of white coat hypertension: An insight from diagnostic use of both ambulatory and home blood pressure measurements","volume":"62","author":"Mancia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X663055","article-title":"Inter-arm blood pressure differences compared with ambulatory monitoring: A manifestation of the \u201cwhite-coat\u201d effect?","volume":"63","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.701135","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated-office and true resistant hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Ayala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00569","article-title":"White coat hypertension is more risky than prehypertension: Important role of arterial wave reflections","volume":"61","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.9.1.1","article-title":"Cell biology of arterial proteoglycans","volume":"9","author":"Wight","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7893-1_4","article-title":"Proteoglycans and diseases of soft tissues","volume":"802","author":"Halper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00666-5","article-title":"Early programming of glucose-insulin metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Ozanne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233457","article-title":"Temporal evaluation of body composition, glucose homeostasis and lipid profile of male rats programmed by maternal protein restriction during lactation","volume":"41","author":"Fagundes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.22.1","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: Stimuli, patterns, and consequences","volume":"22","author":"Devereux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00377-X","article-title":"Relations of diastolic left ventricular filling to systolic chamber and myocardial contractility in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the preserve study)","volume":"84","author":"Palmieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318271225d","article-title":"Vascular remodeling-associated hypertension leads to left ventricular hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction in profilin-1 transgenic mice","volume":"60","author":"Elnakish","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623311432297","article-title":"Chronic low-level arsenite exposure through drinking water increases blood pressure and promotes concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in female mice","volume":"40","author":"Broka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.36","article-title":"Myocardial remodeling in hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Nadruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.114058","article-title":"Enhanced angiotensin ii type 2 receptor mechanisms mediate decreases in arterial pressure attributable to chronic low-dose angiotensin ii in female rats","volume":"52","author":"Sampson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000111832.47667.13","article-title":"Decreased endothelium-dependent no-cgmp vascular relaxation and hypertension in growth-restricted rats on a high-salt diet","volume":"43","author":"Payne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000171475.40259.d1","article-title":"High sodium intake increases blood pressure and alters renal function in intrauterine growth-retarded rats","volume":"46","author":"Sanders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"282","article-title":"Effects of a diet high in salt, fat, and sugar on telemetric blood pressure measurements in conscious, unrestrained adult yucatan miniature swine (sus scrofa)","volume":"62","author":"Myrie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000177892","article-title":"Rats with hypertension induced by in utero exposure to maternal low-protein diets fail to increase blood pressure in response to a high salt intake","volume":"40","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.23.2621","article-title":"Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.08.010","article-title":"Salt loading exacerbates diastolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in young female ren2 rats","volume":"62","author":"Habibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/1\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:48Z","timestamp":1760217108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/1\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu7010119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7010119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]]}}}