{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:35:49Z","timestamp":1791999349805,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]],"date-time":"2015-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the fact that feeding a very low birth weight (VLBW) neonate is  a fundamental and inevitable part of its management, this is a field which is beset with controversies. Optimal nutrition improves growth and neurological outcomes, and reduces the incidence of sepsis and possibly even retinopathy of prematurity. There is a great deal  of heterogeneity of practice among neonatologists and pediatricians regarding feeding VLBW infants. A working group on feeding guidelines for VLBW infants was constituted in McMaster University, Canada. The group listed a number of important questions that had to be answered with respect to feeding VLBW infants, systematically reviewed the literature, critically appraised the level of evidence, and generated a comprehensive set of guidelines. These guidelines form the basis of this state-of-art review. The review touches upon trophic feeding, nutritional feeding, fortification, feeding in special circumstances, assessment  of feed tolerance, and management of gastric residuals, gastro-esophageal reflux, and  glycerin enemas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]],"date-time":"2015-01-08T11:29:32Z","timestamp":1420716572000},"page":"423-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["Guidelines for Feeding Very Low Birth Weight Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sourabh","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Chessell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Janes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaneela","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aune","family":"Hjartarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Purcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"De Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-4383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Fusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Children's Hospital, Hamilton L8S4L8, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine\u2014Levels of Evidence (March 2009). 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