{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:21:02Z","timestamp":1792016462463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BBSRC DRINC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an urgent need to treat individuals with high blood pressure (BP) with effective dietary strategies. Previous studies suggest a small, but significant decrease in BP after lactotripeptides (LTP) ingestion, although the data are inconsistent. The study aim was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of data from all relevant randomised controlled trials (RCT). Medline, Cochrane library, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched until May 2014. Eligibility criteria were RCT that examined the effects of LTP on BP in adults, with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) as outcome measures. Thirty RCT met the inclusion criteria, which resulted in 33 sets of data. The pooled treatment effect for SBP was \u22122.95 mmHg (95% CI: \u22124.17, \u22121.73; p &lt; 0.001), and for DBP was \u22121.51 mmHg (95% CI: \u22122.21, \u22120.80; p &lt; 0.001). Sub-group analyses revealed that reduction of BP in Japanese studies was significantly greater, compared with European studies (p = 0.002 for SBP and  p &lt; 0.001 for DBP). The 24-h ambulatory BP (AMBP) response to LTP supplementation was statistically non-significant (p = 0.101 for SBP and p = 0.166 for DBP). Both  publication bias and \u201csmall-study effect\u201d were identified, which shifted the treatment  effect towards less significant SBP and non-significant DBP reduction after LTP consumption. LTP may be effective in BP reduction, especially in Japanese individuals; however sub-group, meta-regression analyses and statistically significant publication biases suggest inconsistencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T12:36:22Z","timestamp":1421757382000},"page":"659-681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Casein-Derived Lactotripeptides Reduce Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in a Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"\u00c1gnes","family":"Fekete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"},{"name":"Food Production and Quality Research Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Givens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Production and Quality Research Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Lovegrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) Fact Sheet No 317 Internet. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs317\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Health Risk: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6","article-title":"Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"47","author":"Appel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00002","article-title":"World Health Organization (WHO)\/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Whitworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2005.10.012","article-title":"Bioactive peptides: Production and functionality","volume":"16","author":"Korhonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.04.004","article-title":"Effect of milk tripeptides on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2010.85","article-title":"Blood pressure lowering effect of lactotripeptides assumed as functional foods: A meta-analysis of current available clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Cicero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2012.663926","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of bioactive tripeptides\u2014Arandom effects meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.02.006","article-title":"Lactotripeptides intake and blood pressure management: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovas."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"65","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"151","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Higgins, J., and Green, S. Available online:http:\/\/www.cochrane-handbook.org."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90054-Q","article-title":"Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response","volume":"45","author":"Follmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., and Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive Meta-analysis, Biostat. Version 2."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., and Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74872-7","article-title":"Effect of administration of fermented milk containing whey protein concentrate to rats and healthy men on serum lipids and blood pressure","volume":"83","author":"Kawase","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2006.05667.x","article-title":"Effects of whey peptides on cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Pins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-006-0625-8","article-title":"Effect of a milk drink supplemented with whey peptides on blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballard, K., Bruno, R., Seip, R., Quann, E., Volk, B., Freidenreich, D., Kawiecki, D., Kupchak, B., Chung, M., and Kraemer, W. (2009). Acute ingestion of a novel whey-derived peptide improves vascular endothelial responses in healthy individuals: A randomised, placebo controlled trial. Nutr. J., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-8-34"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2010.06.005","article-title":"Whey beverages decrease blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive young men and women","volume":"20","author":"Fluegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005313","article-title":"Acute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal women","volume":"105","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.397","article-title":"The chronic effects of whey proteins on blood pressure, vascular function, and inflammatory markers in overweight individuals","volume":"18","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.06.005","article-title":"Bovine casein hydrolysate (c12 Peptide) reduces blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects","volume":"20","author":"Cadee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.06.018","article-title":"A randomzed, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of casein protein hydrolysate (c12 peptide) in human essential hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Townsend","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4327\/jsnfs.45.513","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of tryptic hydolysate of casein on normotensive and hypertensive volunteers","volume":"45","author":"Sekiya","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"17","article-title":"ACE inhibitors and functional foods","volume":"336","author":"Sugai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. IDF"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"363","article-title":"Fermented milk containing ACE-inhibitory peptides reduces blood pressure in middle ages hypertensive subjects","volume":"59","author":"Ashar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Milchwissenschaft"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"51","article-title":"Hypotensive effects of the tablets containing \u201cLactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4327\/jsnfs.54.347","article-title":"Hypotensive effect of sour milk in subjects with mild or moderate hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"61","article-title":"Clinical effect of new sour milk drink on mild or moderate hypertensive subjects","volume":"51","author":"Hirata","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. New Rem Clin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.59","article-title":"Fermented lactotripeptides-containing milk lowers daytime blood pressure in high normal-to-mild hypertensive subjects","volume":"22","author":"Jakel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2010.549267","article-title":"Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro tripeptide-containing milk product has acute blood pressure lowering effects in mildly hypertensive subjects","volume":"33","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beneficial potential of casein hydrolysate containing Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro on central blood pressure and hemodynamic Index: A preliminary Study","volume":"6","author":"Nakamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0343","article-title":"Effects of Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro on nondipper patients: A preliminary study","volume":"14","author":"Kurosawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2010.491885","article-title":"The blood pressure lowering effect of lactotripeptides and salt intake in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurements","volume":"32","author":"Yamasue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2009.03.001","article-title":"Antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering effects of a spread containing bioactive peptides IPP and VPP and plant sterols","volume":"1","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo10286b","article-title":"A spread containing bioactive milk peptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro, and plant sterols has antuhypertensive and cholesterol-lowering effects","volume":"3","author":"Turpeinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2007.03.002","article-title":"Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk reduced arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects","volume":"17","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2009.00921.x","article-title":"Human in vivo study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic activity after 8 weeks daily intake of fermented milk","volume":"30","author":"Usinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"26","article-title":"The effect of sour milk on blood pressure in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects","volume":"23","author":"Itakura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.30.489","article-title":"Casein hydrolysate containing the antihypertensive tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro improves vascular endothelial function independent of blood pressure-lowering effects: Contribution of the inhibitory action of angiotensin-converting enzyme","volume":"30","author":"Hirota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of large intake of tablets containing \u201clactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d on blood pressure, pulse rate and clinical parameters in healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Yasuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of the tablet containing \u201clactotripeptide (IPP, VPP)\u201d in subjects with high normal blood pressure or mild hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Ishida","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00433.2009","article-title":"Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides and aerobic exercise on arterial compliance in postmenopausal women","volume":"297","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.270","article-title":"Additive beneficial effects of lactotripeptides intake with regular exercise on endothelium-dependent dilatation in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boelsma, E., and Kloek, J. (2010). IPP-rich milk protein hydrolysate lowers blood pressure in subjects with stage 1 hypertension, a randomised controlled trial. Nutr. J., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-52"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26918","article-title":"Lactotripeptides do not lower ambulatory blood pressure in untreated whites: Results from 2 controlled multicenter crossover studies","volume":"89","author":"Koning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2010.4","article-title":"The antihypertensive effect of fermented milk in individuals with prehypertension or borderline hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Usinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051422","article-title":"Antihypertensive effect of casein hydrolysate in a placebo-controlled study in subjects with high-normal blood pressure and mild hypertension","volume":"94","author":"Mizuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/08037050902761209","article-title":"Dose-dependent lowering of blood pressure by dairy peptides in mildly hypertensive subjects","volume":"18","author":"Kroon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.3","article-title":"Long-term intervention with Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk reduces augmentation index in hypertensive subjects","volume":"64","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.44","article-title":"Effects of long-term intake of lactotripeptides on cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive subjects","volume":"66","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001745","article-title":"Effect of ingesting sour milk fermented using Lactobacillus helveticus bacteria producing tripeptides on blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Tuomilehto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0253","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of lactotripeptides from casein hydrolysate in Mediterranean normotensive subjects and patients with high-normal blood pressure: A randomised, double-blind, crossover clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Cicero","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2012.681731","article-title":"Predictors of the short-term effect of isoleucine-proline-proline\/valine-proline-proline lactotripeptdies from casein on office and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with pharmacologically untreated high-normal blood pressure of first-degree hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Cicero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.5.767","article-title":"A placebo-controlled study of the effect of sour milk on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects","volume":"64","author":"Hata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"37","article-title":"Safety evaluation of the tablet containing \u201cLactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d on healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"55","article-title":"Antihypertensive effects of liquid yogurts containing \u201clactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d in mild hypertensive subjects","volume":"5","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.007","article-title":"Casein hydrolysate containing Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro improves central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive subjects: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"219","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effects of the liquid yoghurts containing \u201clactotripeptide (VPP, IPP)\u201d on high-normal blood pressure","volume":"7","author":"Nakamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.03.674","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of sour milk on blood pressure in borderline hypertensive men","volume":"17","author":"Mizushima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719473","article-title":"Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Aihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2005.8.423","article-title":"Effect of casein hydrolysate, prepared with protease derived from Aspergillus oryzae, on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Sano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"17","article-title":"Safety evaluation of excessive intake of drink containing \u201clactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d in subjects with normal blood pressure to mild hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Sano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100560","article-title":"Effect of an excess intake of casein hydrolysate containing Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in subjects with normal blood pressure, high-normal blood pressure, or mild hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Ishida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Safety evaluation of excessive intake of the tablet containing \u201clactotripeptides (VPP, IPP)\u201d in subject with normal blood pressure to mild hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Ishida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.326","article-title":"A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects","volume":"77","author":"Seppo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.06.006","article-title":"Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement","volume":"18","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"124","article-title":"The effect of a Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16 H fermented milk on hypertension\u2014A pilot study on humans","volume":"57","author":"Seppo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Milchwissenschaft"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.098988","article-title":"Lactotripeptides show no effect on human blood pressure: Results from a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Engberink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26003","article-title":"Enzymatically hydrolyzed lactotripeptides do not lower blood pressure in mildly hypertensive subjects","volume":"88","author":"Bots","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.92","article-title":"Lactotripeptides effect on office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, blood pressure stress response, pulse wave velocity and cardiac output in patients with high-normal blood pressure or first-degree hypertension: A randomised double-blind clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Cicero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2009.00250.x","article-title":"The impact of lactotripeptides on blood pressure response in stage 1 and stage 2 hypertensives","volume":"12","author":"Germino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne, J., Sutton, A., Ioannidis, J., Terrin, N., Jones, D., Lau, J., Carpenter, J., R\u00fccker, G., Harbord, R., and Schmid, C. (2011). Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 343.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200000004-00003","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of blood pressure variability","volume":"35","author":"Mancia","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hps044","article-title":"Do the lactotripeptides Isoleucin-Proline-Proline and Valin-Proline-Proline reduce systolic blood pressure in European subjects? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Cicero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.704023","article-title":"Ethnic differences in cardiovascular drug response: Potential contribution of pharmacogenetics","volume":"118","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Campo, I., and Beghin, J. Dairy Food Consumption, Production, and Policy in Japan. Available online: http:\/\/ageconsearch.umn.edu\/bitstream\/18596\/1\/wp050401.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation The World Dairy Situation 2010. Available online: http:\/\/www.milksa.co.za\/sites\/default\/files\/KORINL070_world_dairy_situation_2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"59","article-title":"Does the cis\/trans configuration of peptide bonds in bioactive tripeptides play a role in ACE-1 enzyme inhibition?","volume":"8","author":"Siltari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(91)90045-E","article-title":"Epidemiologic findings on body mass and blood pressure in adults","volume":"1","author":"Stamler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1187","article-title":"How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1023","article-title":"Anti-Lymphocyte Antibody Induction Therapy Study Group. Individual patient- versus group-level data meta-regressions for the investigation of treatment effect modifiers: Ecological bias rears its ugly head","volume":"21","author":"Berlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200727110-00001","article-title":"Updated meta-analytical approach to the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs in reducing blood pressure","volume":"27","author":"Baguet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"10","article-title":"Adverse effects associated with the use of antihypertesive drugs: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Joshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/1\/659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:41:48Z","timestamp":1760215308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/1\/659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu7010659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7010659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]}}}