{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T01:45:55Z","timestamp":1774575955038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Decreased nitric oxide (NO) availability due to obesity and endothelial dysfunction might be causally related to the development of lifestyle-related diseases such as insulin resistance, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension. In such situations, instead of impaired NO synthase (NOS)-dependent NO generation, the entero-salivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway might serve as a backup system for NO generation by transmitting NO activities in the various molecular forms including NO and protein S-nitrosothiols. Recently accumulated evidence has demonstrated that dietary intake of fruits and vegetables rich in nitrate\/nitrite is an inexpensive and easily-practicable way to prevent insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction by increasing the NO availability; a NO-rich diet may also prevent other lifestyle-related diseases, including osteoporosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of NO generation through the entero-salivary pathway and discusses its safety and preventive effects on lifestyle-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]],"date-time":"2015-06-17T11:19:34Z","timestamp":1434539974000},"page":"4911-4937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Ohtake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2013.10.004","article-title":"Assessment and management of risk factors for the prevention of lifestyle-related disease: A cross-sectional survey of current activities, barriers and perceived training needs of primary care physiotherapists in the Republic of Ireland","volume":"100","author":"Cunninggham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiotharapy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.04.016","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.4.922","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The women\u2019s health study","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010","article-title":"The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease","volume":"134","author":"Joshipura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.93","article-title":"Fruit and vegerable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study","volume":"76","author":"Bazzano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.10.2588","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"136","author":"Daucher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.13.1233","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke","volume":"282","author":"Joshipura","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III-27","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131515.03336.f8","article-title":"Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis","volume":"109","author":"Davignon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1569","article-title":"Protein S-nitrosylation: Purview and parameters","volume":"6","author":"Hess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio734","article-title":"Nitrite is a signaling molecule and regulator of gene expression in mammalian tissues","volume":"1","author":"Bryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1049","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5843fje","article-title":"Protein glutathiolation by nitric oxide: An intracellular mechanism regulating redox protein modification","volume":"20","author":"West","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.004","article-title":"Dietary inorganic nitrate improves mitochondrial efficiency in humans","volume":"13","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.013","article-title":"Can dietary nitrates enhance the efficiency of mitochondria?","volume":"13","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/41237","article-title":"S-nitrosylation regulates apoptosis","volume":"388","author":"Melino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.1997.0162","article-title":"Nonenzymatic nitric oxide production in humans","volume":"2","author":"Weitzberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2012.03.011","article-title":"Human safety controversies surrounding nitrate and nitrite in the diet","volume":"26","author":"Sindelar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/026520399283669","article-title":"Dietary expoures to nitrate in the UK","volume":"16","author":"Ysart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contamin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.260","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite in biology, nutrition and therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Lundberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide","volume":"37","author":"Lundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-6264(76)80005-3","article-title":"Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: Possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds","volume":"14","author":"Spiegelhalder","year":"1976","journal-title":"Food Cosmet. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90460-X","article-title":"Greatly increased luminal nitric oxide in ulcerative colitis","volume":"344","author":"Lundberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.2.211","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of nitric oxide in the stomach from dietary nitrate in humans","volume":"40","author":"McKnight","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011697q","article-title":"Oxidation of quercetin by salivary components. Quercetin-dependent reduction of salivary nitrite under acidic conditions producing nitric oxide","volume":"50","author":"Takahama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19019","article-title":"Nitrite in saliva increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness","volume":"113","author":"Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G718","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00435.2006","article-title":"Dietary nitrate increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucosal defence","volume":"292","author":"Petersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27131","article-title":"Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: The physiologic context for potential health benefits","volume":"90","author":"Hord","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706579104","article-title":"Dietary nitrite supplementation protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"104","author":"Bryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.015","article-title":"Dietary nitrate and nitrite modulate blood and organ nitrite and the cellular ischemic stress response","volume":"47","author":"Raat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nm954","article-title":"Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation","volume":"9","author":"Cosby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq299","article-title":"The role of vascular myoglobin in nitrite-mediated blood vessel relaxation","volume":"89","author":"Ormerod","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070198","article-title":"Nitrite augments tolerance to ischemia\/reperfusion injury via the modulation of mitochondrial electron transfer","volume":"204","author":"Shiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2013.846355","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 partly mediates hypotensive effect of nitrite on L-NAME-induced hypertension in normoxic rat","volume":"36","author":"Sonoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118237","article-title":"Myoglobin O2 desaturation during exercise. Evidence of limited O2 transport","volume":"96","author":"Richardson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.006","article-title":"Dietary nitrate reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work performance in maximal exercise","volume":"48","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq366","article-title":"Dietary nitrate attenuates oxidative stress, prevents cardiac and renal injuries, and reduces blood pressure in salt-induced hypertension","volume":"89","author":"Persson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.100586","article-title":"Dietary nitrate ameliorates pulmonary hypertension cytoprotective role for endothelial nitric oxide synthase and xanthine oxidoreductase","volume":"125","author":"Baliga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.275263","article-title":"Dietary nitrate increases arginine availability and protects mitochondrial complex I and energetics in the hypoxic rat heart","volume":"592","author":"Ashmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00495-0","article-title":"Nitrosylation: The prototypic redox-based signaling mechanism","volume":"106","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108675","article-title":"Blue babies and nitrate-contaminated well water","volume":"108","author":"Knobeloch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860360014004","article-title":"Cyanosis in infants caused by nitrates in well water","volume":"129","author":"Comly","year":"1945","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107583","article-title":"Infantile methemoglobinemia: Reexamining the role of drinking water nitrates","volume":"107","author":"Avery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200322010-00005","article-title":"Health implications of exposure to environmental nitrogenous compounds","volume":"22","author":"Mensinga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds","volume":"292","author":"Gangolli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"488","article-title":"Food group sources of nutrients in the dietary pattern s of the DASH-Sodium trial","volume":"103","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitric oxide and insulin resistance","volume":"2","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200310000-00007","article-title":"Insulin: An endogenous cardioprotector","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-004-0034-4","article-title":"Insulin signaling in heart muscle: Lessons from genetically engineered mouse models","volume":"6","author":"Abel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213","article-title":"Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: Molecular and pathphysiological mechanismns","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq349","article-title":"Insulin says NO to cardiovascular disease","volume":"89","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0627","article-title":"Nitric oxide directly promotes vascular endothelial insulin transport","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.169722","article-title":"Vascular inflammation, insulin resistance and reduced nitric oxide production precede the onset of peripheral insulin resistance","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2815","article-title":"Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide, NO) stimulates insulin secretion by inducing calcium release from mitochondria","volume":"217","author":"Laffranchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.031","article-title":"Inorganic nitrite stimulates pancreatic islet blood flow and insulin secretion","volume":"53","author":"Nystrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4093\/kdj.2009.33.3.198","article-title":"Nitric oxide increases Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle by improving mitochondrial function and insulin signaling","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean Diabetes J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.199893","article-title":"Reduced NO-cGMP signaling contributes to vascular inflammation and insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding","volume":"30","author":"Rizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4006","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1395","article-title":"The vascular endothelium, a benign restrictive barrier? No! Role of nitric oxide in regulating insulin action","volume":"62","author":"Richey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.009","article-title":"Nitrite augments glucose uptake in adipocytes through the protein kinase A-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial fusion","volume":"70","author":"Khoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0391","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance: Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and increased expression of p85\u03b1. The two sides of a coin","volume":"55","author":"Draznin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.4.959","article-title":"S-nitrosation of the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, and protein kinase B\/Akt: A novel mechanism of insulin resistance","volume":"54","author":"Ueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.12.008","article-title":"Linking mitochondrial bioenergetics to insulin resistance via redox biology","volume":"23","author":"Neufer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.057","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"582","author":"Olefsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7919","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.057513","article-title":"Enhancement of insulin responsiveness by nitric oxide-mediated inactivation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases","volume":"285","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.809","article-title":"Dietary nitrite improves insulin signaling through GLUT4 translocation","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008872107","article-title":"Dietary inorganic nitrate reverses features of metabolic syndrome in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice","volume":"107","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.11.009","article-title":"Dietary nitrite supplementation improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic KKA(y) mice","volume":"44","author":"Ohtake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.11.011","article-title":"Dietary nitrate improves glucose tolerance and lipid profile in an animal model of hyperglycemia","volume":"44","author":"Khalifi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric oxide"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.02.016","article-title":"Paradoxical preservation of vascular function in severe obesity","volume":"123","author":"Biasucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-263","article-title":"Preserved endothelial function in human obesity in the absence of insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Assar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.266395","article-title":"Overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase prevents diet-induced obesity and regulates adipocyte phenotype","volume":"111","author":"Sansbury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.1.1","article-title":"Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review","volume":"26","author":"Ness","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000136","article-title":"Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"3","author":"Jansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-003-0040-z","article-title":"Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Bazzano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet","volume":"344","author":"Sacks","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","article-title":"A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure","volume":"336","author":"Appel","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashworth, A., Mitchell, K., Blackwell, J., Vanhatalo, A., and Jones, A.M. (2015). High-nitrate vegetable diet increases nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women. Public Health Nutr.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000038"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.748814","article-title":"Nitrite anion provides potent cytoprotective and antiapoptotic effects as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"117","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22493","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver","volume":"115","author":"Duranski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13683","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402927101","article-title":"Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide during ischemia protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage","volume":"101","author":"Webb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2007.07.057","article-title":"Nitrite confers protection against myocardial infarction: Role of xanthine oxidoreductase, NADPH oxidase and K(ATP) channels","volume":"43","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.040","article-title":"Dietary nitrite restores NO homeostasis and is cardioprotective in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice","volume":"45","author":"Bryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)13354-5","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of acidified sodium nitrite in myocardial ischemia with reperfusion","volume":"252","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc062800","article-title":"Effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure in healthy volunteers","volume":"355","author":"Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153536","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate supplementation lowers blood pressure in humans: Role for nitrite-derived NO","volume":"56","author":"Kapil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","article-title":"Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1121","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00206.2010","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure and the physiological responses to moderate-intensity and incremental exercise","volume":"68","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422413000188","article-title":"The effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure and endothelial function: A review of human intervention studies","volume":"26","author":"Hobbs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.170233","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Siervo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01100.2013","article-title":"Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging","volume":"116","author":"Sindler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.301475","article-title":"Nitrite therapy improves left ventricular function during heart failure via restoration of nitric oxide-mediated cytoprotective signaling","volume":"114","author":"Bhushan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.8.1481","article-title":"Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: A switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis","volume":"185","author":"Leist","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Intracellular ATP levels determine cell death fate by apoptosis or necrosis","volume":"57","author":"Eguchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31824a76b5","article-title":"Nitrite reduces ischemia\/reperfusion-induced muscle damage and improves survival rates in rat crush injury model","volume":"72","author":"Murata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio813","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin is a NO oxidase and nitrite synthase that determines endocrine NO homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Shiva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306706101","article-title":"Cellular targets and mechanisms of nitros(yl)ation: An insight into their nature and kinetics in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Bryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H276","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00129.2003","article-title":"Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury","volume":"286","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.152488","article-title":"Nitrite reductase function of deoxymyoglobin: Oxygen sensor and regulator of cardiac energetics and function","volume":"100","author":"Rassaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801336105","article-title":"Nitrite reductase activity of myoglobin regulates respiration and cellular viability in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"105","author":"Merx","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-009-0009-3","article-title":"Nitrite mediates cytoprotection after ischemia-reperfusion by modulating mitochondrial function","volume":"104","author":"Shiva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp079","article-title":"Myocardial protection by nitrite","volume":"83","author":"Calvert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13637-9","article-title":"Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"361","author":"Vivekananthan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.8.842","article-title":"Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: Systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"297","author":"Bjelakovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.600","article-title":"Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men","volume":"300","author":"Sesso","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh296","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease","volume":"96","author":"Hung","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61382-8","article-title":"COPD exacerbations: Defining their cause and prevention","volume":"370","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h286","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h286","article-title":"Alternate healthy eating index 2010 and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US women and men: Prospective study","volume":"350","author":"Varraso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200607-969OC","article-title":"Cured meat consumption, lung function, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among United States adult","volume":"175","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00116911","article-title":"Cured meat consumption increases risk of readmission in COPD patients","volume":"40","author":"Mendez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm235","article-title":"Prospective study of cured meats consumption and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men","volume":"166","author":"Varraso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.62.8.1045","article-title":"Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of nitrates and nitrites in the environment","volume":"62","author":"Shuval","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.11.081","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians","volume":"115","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.5.872","article-title":"Evidence that ingested nitrate and nitrite are beneficial to health","volume":"65","author":"Archer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"53","article-title":"Residual nitrite in cured meat","volume":"51","author":"Cassens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000806","article-title":"Diet and obstructive lung diseases","volume":"23","author":"Romieu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"362","article-title":"Nutrition and lung health","volume":"9","author":"Romieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-003-0025-6","article-title":"Dietary factors in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Denny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109030","article-title":"Prospective study of diet and decline in lung function in a general population","volume":"165","author":"McKeever","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.2.102","article-title":"Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men","volume":"55","author":"Butland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665199000427","article-title":"Dietary influences on chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma: A review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"58","author":"Smit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.3.9712065","article-title":"Effects of changes in fresh fruit consumption on ventilator function in healthy British adults","volume":"158","author":"Carey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161159","article-title":"Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health","volume":"33","author":"Weitzberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(88)90194-7","article-title":"Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation. Mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention","volume":"202","author":"Bartsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)01353-9","article-title":"The effect of dietary nitrate on salivery, plasma, and urinary nitrate metabolism in humans","volume":"34","author":"Pannala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.079491","article-title":"Dietary nitrate reduces resting metabolic rate: A randomized, crossover study in humans","volume":"99","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2003","article-title":"Nitric oxide in health and disease of the respiratory system","volume":"84","author":"Ricciardolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0633fje","article-title":"A selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibits exhaled breath nitric oxide in healthy volunteers and asthmatics","volume":"17","author":"Hansel","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00125304","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide from lung periphery is increased in COPD","volume":"26","author":"Brindicci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, M.J., Justus, N.W., Hauser, J.I., Case, A.H., Helms, C.C., Basu, S., Rogers, Z., Lewis, M.T., and Miller, G.D. (2014). Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance and decreases blood pressure in COPD patients. Nitric Oxide.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.10.007"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.12.010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation in COPD: An acute, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"44","author":"Kerley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg168","article-title":"Novel mechanism of nitrosative stress from dietary nitrate with relevance to gastro-oesophageal junction cancers","volume":"24","author":"Iijima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cartinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1956.15","article-title":"The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine","volume":"10","author":"Magee","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397709529529","article-title":"N-nitroso compounds: Their chemical and in vivo formation and possible importance as environmental carcinogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Mirvish","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03786-V","article-title":"Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC","volume":"93","author":"Mirvish","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.07.062","article-title":"Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review","volume":"50","author":"Bryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910440409","article-title":"A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy","volume":"44","author":"Buiatti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009736","article-title":"Dietary factors and the risk of gastric cancer in Mexico city","volume":"149","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024979314124","article-title":"Salt intake, cured meat consumption, refrigerator use and stomach cancer incidence: A prospective cohort study (Netherlands)","volume":"14","author":"Botterweck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Cause Control"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.011","article-title":"Diet-induced endogenous formation of nitroso compounds in the GI tract","volume":"43","author":"Kuhnle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.006","article-title":"Red meat and colon cancer: Heme proteins and nitrite in the gut. A commentary on \u201cDiet-induced endogenous formation of nitroso compounds in the GI tract\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Hogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000936","article-title":"Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: A review","volume":"15","author":"McEvoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2009.10.005","article-title":"Dietary nitrate-good or bad?","volume":"22","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2009.08.004","article-title":"Nutritional epidemiology in the context of nitric oxide biology: A risk-benefit evaluation for dietary nitrite and nitrate","volume":"15","author":"Milkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071357","article-title":"Fruit, vegetable, and fiber intake in relation to cancer risk: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"100","author":"Bradbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00592-5","article-title":"NF-\u03baB, inducible nitric oxide synthase and apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70014-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line","volume":"111","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G626","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.3.G626","article-title":"Nitric oxide in gastrointestinal epithelial cell cartinogenesis: Linking inflammation to oncogenesis","volume":"281","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver physiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(01)35252-7","article-title":"DNA damage by nitrite and peroxynitrite: Protection by dietary phenols","volume":"335","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.5.711","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in cancer","volume":"19","author":"Wink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-2900","article-title":"Tumors face NO problems?","volume":"66","author":"Lancaster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600870","article-title":"The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Brot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1787-7","article-title":"Alcohol and bone: Review of dose effects and mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Maurel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90065-7","article-title":"Dietary calcium and risk of hip fracture: 14-year prospective population study","volume":"332","author":"Holbrook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.504","article-title":"Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: A prospective study among postmenopausal women","volume":"77","author":"Feskanich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1143-0","article-title":"Diet and lifestyle associated with increased bone mineral density: Cross-sectional study of Japanese elderly women at an osteoporosis outpatient clinic","volume":"12","author":"Muraki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01261.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide and bone","volume":"103","author":"Ralston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.12.2137","article-title":"Evidence for pathogenic role of nitric oxide in inflammation-induced osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Armour","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B0920137","article-title":"Relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang. Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Novel therapy for osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00005-1","article-title":"Nitric oxide donor alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss","volume":"18","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000153990.74837.73","article-title":"Different doses of nitric oxide donor prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats","volume":"435","author":"Hao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2262-9","article-title":"The effects of organic nitrates on osteoporosis: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1420","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: A cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts","volume":"83","author":"Prynne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.4.727","article-title":"Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women","volume":"69","author":"Tucker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.155","article-title":"Nutritional associations with bone loss during the menopausal transition: Evidence of a beneficial effect of calcium, alcohol, and fruit and vegetable nutrients and of a detrimental effect of fatty acids","volume":"79","author":"Macdonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/6\/4911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:02Z","timestamp":1760215682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/7\/6\/4911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu7064911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7064911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,17]]}}}