{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:16:30Z","timestamp":1780370190671,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,9]],"date-time":"2015-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to measure the postprandial changes in amino acid and biogenic amine profiles in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to investigate the changes of postprandial amino acid and biogenic amine profiles after a meal of highland barley (HB). Firstly, 50 IFG and 50 healthy individuals were recruited for the measurement of 2 h postprandial changes of amino acid and biogenic amine profiles after a glucose load. Secondly, IFG individuals received three different loads: Glucose (GL), white rice (WR) and HB. Amino acid and biogenic amine profiles, glucose and insulin were assayed at time zero and 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the test load. The results showed fasting and postprandial amino acid and biogenic amine profiles were different between the IFG group and the controls. The level of most amino acids and their metabolites decreased after an oral glucose tolerance test, while the postprandial level of  \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased significantly in IFG individuals. After three different test loads, the area under the curve for glucose, insulin, lysine and GABA after  a HB load decreased significantly compared to GL and WR loads. Furthermore, the postprandial changes in the level of GABA between time zero and 120 min during a HB load were associated positively with 2 h glucose and fasting insulin secretion in the IFG individuals. Thus, the HB load produced low postprandial glucose and insulin responses, which induced changes in amino acid and biogenic amine profiles and improved insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]],"date-time":"2015-07-10T02:02:23Z","timestamp":1436493743000},"page":"5556-5571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Liyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University,  157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University,  157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University,  157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University,  157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.3.278","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk profile in individuals with borderline glycemia: The effect of the 1997 american diabetes association diagnostic criteria and the 1998 world health organization provisional report","volume":"23","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0062","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. Population: National health and nutrition examination survey 1999\u20132002","volume":"29","author":"Cowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1128","article-title":"Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among U.S. Adolescents: National health and nutrition examination survey 2005\u20132006","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1770","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 asian cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Qiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2179","article-title":"Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose","volume":"29","author":"Tripathy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1574","article-title":"Isolated impaired fasting glucose and peripheral insulin sensitivity: Not a simple relationship","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196910092811503","article-title":"Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity","volume":"281","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. 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