{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:13:14Z","timestamp":1785255194232,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]],"date-time":"2015-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are autoimmune conditions in which dietary gluten has been proven or suggested to play a pathogenic role. In CD; gluten is established as the instigator of autoimmunity; the autoimmune process is halted by removing gluten from the diet; which allows for resolution of celiac autoimmune enteropathy and subsequent normalization of serological markers of the disease. However; an analogous causative agent has not yet been identified for T1D. Nevertheless; the role of dietary gluten in development of T1D and the potentially beneficial effect of removing gluten from the diet of patients with T1D are still debated. In this review; we discuss the comorbid occurrence of CD and T1D and explore current evidences for the specific role of gluten in both conditions; specifically focusing on current evidence on the effect of gluten on the immune system and the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]],"date-time":"2015-08-26T10:23:31Z","timestamp":1440584611000},"page":"7143-7162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Serena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,  MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Camhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Sturgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,  MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Celiac Research, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gou065","article-title":"The present and the future in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease","volume":"3","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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